This book examines how English writers from the Elizabethan
period to the Restoration transformed and contested the ancient
ideal of the virtuous mean. As early modern authors learned at
grammar school and university, Aristotle and other classical
thinkers praised "golden means" balanced between extremes: courage,
for example, as opposed to cowardice or recklessness. By uncovering
the enormous variety of English responses to this ethical doctrine,
Joshua Scodel revises our understanding of the vital interaction
between classical thought and early modern literary culture.
Scodel argues that English authors used the ancient schema of
means and extremes in innovative and contentious ways hitherto
ignored by scholars. Through close readings of diverse writers and
genres, he shows that conflicting representations of means and
extremes figured prominently in the emergence of a self-consciously
modern English culture. Donne, for example, reshaped the classical
mean to promote individual freedom, while Bacon held extremism
necessary for human empowerment. Imagining a modern rival to
ancient Rome, georgics from Spenser to Cowley exhorted England to
embody the mean or lauded extreme paths to national greatness.
Drinking poetry from Jonson to Rochester expressed opposing visions
of convivial moderation and drunken excess, while erotic writing
from Sidney to Dryden and Behn pitted extreme passion against the
traditional mean of conjugal moderation. Challenging his
predecessors in various genres, Milton celebrated golden means of
restrained pleasure and self-respect. Throughout this
groundbreaking study, Scodel suggests how early modern treatments
of means and extremes resonate in present-day cultural debates.
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