Spacepolicyisanissueareaofparticularstrategicrelevance.
Itreceivesaconstantly
growingattentionbynationalgovernmentsandtheEuropeanUnion. Ittouches
numerousimportantareaslikesecurity,science,technology,knowledge,infor-
tion,mobility,environmentorresourcemanagement,tonameonlyafew.
Through
this,spacepolicydrawsfrombutalsodrivesthemostdecisiveaspectsofmodern
society.
Anillustrationforthisstatementcanbegivenwithabrieflookonrecent
developmentsinspacepolicy.
InparticulartheadoptionoftheEuropeanSpace
PolicyinMay2007,whichhadbeenjointlypreparedbytheEuropeanSpaceAgency
andtheEuropeanCommission,doeshaveatremendousimpactonareasbene?ting
fromspaceapplications,likeclimateresearch,disastermanagementorresource
management. TheEuropeanSpacePolicywillalsopushareaslikenavigationor
telecommunications,whichareattheheartoftheknowledgesocietyandtheme-
issueofmobility.
Atthesametime,securityinallitsfacetsisgrowinglydependingon
theuseofspacecapabilitiesandspacepolicymakinghasstartedtore?ectthis.
Onthe
globallevel,theinitiativesforroboticandhumanspaceexplorationgainmoreand
moreprominenceandwithactorslikeChina,arenaissanceofspaceasastrategictool
forinternationalprestigeandin?uencecanbeobserved.
Thecharacterofspacepolicyandthedynamisminthis?eldanditsrelatedareas
makeitappropriateandevennecessarytosurveythis?eldonacontinuousbasiswith
ahighstandard.
ThisreasoningwasthebasisfortheinitiativebytheEuropeanSpace
PolicyInstitute(ESPI)topreparetheYearbookonSpacePolicy.
TheYearbookis intended to become the reference publication for the
analysis of space policy developments.
ThescopeisglobalbuttheperspectiveisEuropean. Thiscoincides
withESPI?smissiontobethefocalpointforEuropeanresearchinthe?eldofspace
policyasprovidedforbythedecisionoftheCounciloftheEuropeanSpaceAgency
tofoundESPI.
Asathinktank,ESPIhastoprovideinformationandanalysisandto
contributefacilitating the decision-making process. The Yearbook
isaimed to becomea?agshipinESPI?sproductlineapproachingthisgoal.
Theaspirationis
thattheYearbookonSpacePolicymaygainthestatureofcomparableyearbooksin
internationalrelationsbyleadingthinktanksaroundtheworld.
TheYearbookonSpacePolicyhasanumberofspeci?cfeatures. Thereporting
periodwillusuallybefromJulytoJune,leadingtoitspublicationinthebeginningof
thefollowingyear.
Forthis?rstedition,thereportingperiodwassettostartearlier
(from1January2006)butstopatthetypicaldate(30June2007).
Thisservesthe purposetocoverthewholeyear2006.
TheYearbookwillhavethreeparts. The?rst
partispreparedbyESPIandprovidesasystematicanalysisofthemainspace v
Preface activitiesintheglobalpoliticalcontext.
Itcontainsapresentationofthemajor
developmentsinspacepolicies,programmesandtechnologiesaroundtheworld.
In
thesecondpart,usuallyaroundtenprominentresearcherscontributearticlesto
speci?ctopicsofparticularrelevance.
Inthiseditiontheyarerelatedtoinitiativesand
decisionsinEuropeanspacepolicies -asindicatedinthisyear?smottoofthe
Yearbook-Spacepolicyisanissueareaofparticularstrategicrelevance.
Itreceivesaconstantly
growingattentionbynationalgovernmentsandtheEuropeanUnion. Ittouches
numerousimportantareaslikesecurity,science,technology,knowledge,infor-
tion,mobility,environmentorresourcemanagement,tonameonlyafew.
Through
this,spacepolicydrawsfrombutalsodrivesthemostdecisiveaspectsofmodern
society.
Anillustrationforthisstatementcanbegivenwithabrieflookonrecent
developmentsinspacepolicy.
InparticulartheadoptionoftheEuropeanSpace
PolicyinMay2007,whichhadbeenjointlypreparedbytheEuropeanSpaceAgency
andtheEuropeanCommission,doeshaveatremendousimpactonareasbene?ting
fromspaceapplications,likeclimateresearch,disastermanagementorresource
management. TheEuropeanSpacePolicywillalsopushareaslikenavigationor
telecommunications,whichareattheheartoftheknowledgesocietyandtheme-
issueofmobility.
Atthesametime,securityinallitsfacetsisgrowinglydependingon
theuseofspacecapabilitiesandspacepolicymakinghasstartedtore?ectthis.
Onthe
globallevel,theinitiativesforroboticandhumanspaceexplorationgainmoreand
moreprominenceandwithactorslikeChina,arenaissanceofspaceasastrategictool
forinternationalprestigeandin?uencecanbeobserved.
Thecharacterofspacepolicyandthedynamisminthis?eldanditsrelatedareas
makeitappropriateandevennecessarytosurveythis?eldonacontinuousbasiswith
ahighstandard.
ThisreasoningwasthebasisfortheinitiativebytheEuropeanSpace
PolicyInstitute(ESPI)topreparetheYearbookonSpacePolicy.
TheYearbookis intended to become the reference publication for the
analysis of space policy developments.
ThescopeisglobalbuttheperspectiveisEuropean. Thiscoincides
withESPI?smissiontobethefocalpointforEuropeanresearchinthe?eldofspace
policyasprovidedforbythedecisionoftheCounciloftheEuropeanSpaceAgency
tofoundESPI.
Asathinktank,ESPIhastoprovideinformationandanalysisandto
contributefacilitating the decision-making process. The Yearbook
isaimed to becomea?agshipinESPI? sproductlineapproachingthisgoal.
Theaspirationis
thattheYearbookonSpacePolicymaygainthestatureofcomparableyearbooksin
internationalrelationsbyleadingthinktanksaroundtheworld.
TheYearbookonSpacePolicyhasanumberofspeci?cfeatures. Thereporting
periodwillusuallybefromJulytoJune,leadingtoitspublicationinthebeginningof
thefollowingyear.
Forthis?rstedition,thereportingperiodwassettostartearlier
(from1January2006)butstopatthetypicaldate(30June2007).
Thisservesthe purposetocoverthewholeyear2006.
TheYearbookwillhavethreeparts. The?rst
partispreparedbyESPIandprovidesasystematicanalysisofthemainspace v
Preface activitiesintheglobalpoliticalcontext.
Itcontainsapresentationofthemajor
developmentsinspacepolicies,programmesandtechnologiesaroundtheworld.
In
thesecondpart,usuallyaroundtenprominentresearcherscontributearticlesto
speci?ctopicsofparticularrelevance.
Inthiseditiontheyarerelatedtoinitiativesand
decisionsinEuropeanspacepolicies -asindicatedinthisyear?smottoofthe
Yearbook-butalsoglobalissuesliketherecentChineseantisatellitetestorthenew
Japanesespaceregulation.
ThethirdpartoftheYearbook,againpreparedbyESPI, contains a unique
compilation of important facts and ?gures. It includes
achronology,anoverviewonspaceactivitiesinselectedcountriesandabibliography.
TheprojectofacomprehensiveYearbookrequiresthecooperationofthewhole
community. ThisiswhyESPI?sworkforthispublicationiscomplementedbythe
contributionsofexternalauthorsprovidingtheirexceptionalinsightsandexperiences.
ThesecontributorsfromalloverEuropearetheleadingacademicexpertsmainlybased
inthinktanksanduniversityinstituteswhilesomearealsoassociatedwithspace
agenciesorworkinindustryorresearchanddevelopment. Theyarepartofthe
EuropeanSpacePolicyResearchandAcademicNetwork(ESPRAN)coordinatedby
ESPI.
ItisimportanttomentionthatalsoexpertsfromoutsideEuropecanbepartof
thisnetwork. ThisishighlightedbythecontributionofJohnLogsdon(George
WashingtonUniversity,WashingtonDC),oneofthedoyensinspacepolicyresearch.
InvolvedinthisendeavourisalsoanEditorialAdvisoryBoard,composedofthe
membersofESPI?sAdvisoryCouncil.
Allthisaimsatsecuringtheacademicqualityof
theYearbookanditsaimtobecomearelevantsourceofinformationandanalysis.
AnimportantelementofthesuccessofsuchaninitiativelikethisYearbookisthe
mediumofitspresentation.
ESPIisextremelypleasedthatSpringerWienNewYork
wasfromtheoutsetverymuchinterestedinthisproject.
Throughtheexcellent
collaborationwithSpringer?sSilviaSchilgeriusthechallengesofa?rsteditionfor
suchaYearbookseriesweremasteredwithgreatease.
CooperationbetweenESPI
andSpringerWienNewYorkisintendedtointensifyfurtherwithadedicatedbook
seriesonspacepolicy.
TheseperspectiveswereadditionalmotivationforESPI?s
editorialteamforthis?rsteditionoftheYearbook,whereNicolasPeterauthored
Part1,CharlotteMathieueditedPart2andCharlotteMathieuandBlandina
BaranespreparedPart3.
Valuablecontributionsandsupportwereprovidedinthe
earlyplanningphasebySergePlattardandintheeditorialphasebyPierre-Henri
Pisani,JulieAbouYehiaandTimSkurbaty.
Itiswithgreatcon?dencethatwebring this Yearbook to the attention of
decision makers, professionals in industry,
researchandsciencedealingwithspaceactivitiesandinternationalrelationsand
alsotothebroaderpublic,whichintendstounderstandthepoliciesbehindoneof
themostimportantandfascinatingprovincesofmodernsociety:space!
Kai-UweSchrogl,CharlotteMathieu,NicolasPeter ESPIeditorialteam vi
Tableofcontents Tableofcontents Listofacronyms...xiv
Listof?guresandtables ...xxii PART1 TheYearinSpace2006/2007
Chapter1. Europeanspaceactivitiesintheglobal context. NicolasPeter
1. Geopoliticaltrends ...2 1. 1. Globaleconomicoutlook ...2 1. 2.
Politicaldevelopmentsin2006/2007...3 1. 2. 1. Europe ...3 1. 2. 2.
UnitedStates...4 1. 2. 3. Russia...5 1. 2. 4. Japan...5 1. 2. 5.
China...6 1. 2. 6. India...7 1. 3. Internationalsecurity...7 1. 4.
Majorhighlightsinscienti?cactivitiesandresearch ...8 1. 5.
Mainscienceandtechnologyindicators relevanttospace activities...11
1. 5. 1. Scienceandtechnologyinputs ...11 1. 5. 2.
Scienceandtechnologyoutputs...13 2.
Worldwidespacepoliciesandstrategies ...16 2. 1.
TheUnitedNationssystem...16 2. 1. 1.
UnitedNationsGeneralAssemblycommittees...18 2. 1. 2.
OtherUnitedNationsbodiesandorgans...
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