The theory and practice of reducing the environmental risk of
chemicals is a key issue in environmental protection. This volume
deals with remediation technologies and introduces their functional
classification, applicability and relation to natural risk
reduction processes. We demonstrate how the proper characterization
and understanding of the environmental technologies helps decision
making and finding the problem-suited engineering tools. The
reactor approach is an important model for "in situ "remediation
which supports professionals in applying well-controlled
bioengineering or eco-engineering tools combined with conventional
physical or chemical technologies and processes. The first task is
finding the best catalyst which may be a chemical agent, a living
organism or the soil community. The second task is ensuring optimal
conditions for the operation of the catalyst by environmental
parameter control; redox-potential manipulation; optimal nutrient
supply, etc. The final engineering task is the verification of the
applied technology feedbacks to the complex environmental risk
management. The risk management and decision-making procedure
relies to a great extent on innovation, problem-specific solutions,
evaluation and verification of remedial technologies, as well as
their integration into a risk reduction strategy.
The comprehensive overview on the approaches, concepts and
technologies is followed by the analysis of natural attenuation,
biological and ecological engineering tools, artificial ecosystems
and living machines, biodegradation-based remediation, including
those based on co-metabolism, bioleaching, phytoremediation,
physical, chemical, electrochemical and thermal remediation. The
book deals with nanotechnologies, reactive barriers and zones, soil
amelioration and remediation using wastes. General technology
descriptions and concrete applications are discussed. Risk
reduction strategies and options, decision making, fitting the
strategies and technologies to the problem or the contaminated site
are also dealt with in detail.
The evaluation of a technology in advance in aid of decision making
and planning, during technology application for the validation of
the plan, and after the application for verifying the technology
are differentiated and explained in detail. The methodologies of
risk assessment, socio-economic assessment, eco-efficiency and
life-cycle assessment as well as multicriteria-analysis as an
aggregating tool are presented and demonstrated by examples.
General
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