In Physiognomy and the Meaning of Expression in Nineteenth-Century
Culture, first published in 2001, Lucy Hartley examines the
emergence of physiognomy as a form of popular science. Physiognomy
posited an understanding of the inner meaning of human character
from observations of physical appearances, usually facial
expressions. Taking the physiognomical teachings of Johann Caspar
Lavater as a starting-point, Hartley considers the extent to which
attempts to read the mind and judge character through expression
can provide descriptions of human nature. She argues that the
writings of Charles Bell, and the Pre-Raphaelites establish the
significance of the physiognomical tradition for the study of
expression whilst also preparing the ground for the rise of new
doctrines for the expression of emotion by Alexander Bain and
Herbert Spencer. She then demonstrates how the evolutionary
explanation of expression proposed by Spencer and Charles Darwin is
both the outcome of the physiognomical tradition and the reason for
its dissolution.
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