Rapid growth in water requirements makes it necessary to
increase the amount of water drawn from rivers. The dams necessary
for capturing river water have to be built to resist damage when
large floods occur, and an idea of the possible destructive power
of floods is given by the front photograph. The need for protection
results in thick sill structures fitted with gates, and "upstream"
and "downstream" cut-off walls. Sediment transported by rivers
settles forming deposits behind dams, where flow velocities
decrease. On the other hand, where flow velocities are high through
hydraulic machinery (pums and turbines) fed from the dam, it can be
necessary to remove even fine sand from the water, and also to
remove floating debris. Various hydro-mechanical installations
(including gates and screens) are introduced into the flow circuits
to deal with sediment and debris problems.
Many emperical solutions to definition of very important details
complement standard design procedures. Understanding of their use
is facilitated by numerous illustrations.
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