In 1954, the United States Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v.
Board of Education Topeka (347 U.S. 483) overturned the prevailing
doctrine of separate but equal introduced by Plessy v. Ferguson
(163 U.S. 537) fifty-eight years prior. By the time Brown was
decided, many states had created dual collegiate structures of
public education, most of which operated exclusively for Caucasians
in one system and African Americans in the other.
Although Brown focused national attention on desegregation in
primary and secondary public education, the issue of
disestablishing dual systems of public higher education would come
to the forefront two years later in Florida ex rel. Hawkins v.
Board of Control (350 U.S. 413 1956]). However, the pressure to
dismantle dual systems of public education was not extended to
higher education until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Despite Title VI of this Act, which stated that No person in the
United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national
origin, be excluded from participation in, or be denied the
benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or
activity receiving Federal financial assistance, nineteen states
continued to operate dual systems of public higher education. "The
Quest to Define Collegiate Desegregation" explores the evolution of
the legal standard for collegiate desegregation after Adams v.
Richardson (351 F2d 636 D.C. Cir. 1972]).
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