Three important studies were initiated in the 1970s to investigate
the relation ship between climatic variations and agriculture: by
the National Defense University (1980) on Crop Yields and Climate
Change to the Year 2000, by the U.S. Department of Transportation
(1975) on Impacts 0/ Climatic Change on the Biosphere and by the
U.S. Department of Energy (1980) on Environmental and 0/ a Possible
CO -Induced Climatic Change (the ClAP Societal Consequences 2
study). These were pioneering projects in a young field. Their
emphasis was on measuring likely impacts of climatic variations
rather than on evaluating possible responses, and they focused on
first-order impacts (e.g., on crop yields) rather than on
higher-order effects on society. A logical next step was to look at
higher-order effects and potential responses, as part of a more
integrated approach to impact assessment. This was undertaken by
the World Climate Impact Program (WCIP), which is directed by the
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). The WCIP is one of four
aspects of the World Ciimate Program, which was initiated in 1979."
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