During the 1990s, international democracy promotion efforts led
to the establishment of numerous regimes that cannot be easily
classified as either authoritarian or democratic. They display
characteristics of each, in short they are semi-authoritarian
regimes. These regimes pose a considerable challenge to U.S.
policymakers because the superficial stability of many
semi-authoritarian regimes usually masks severe problems that need
to be solved lest they lead to a future crisis. Additionally, these
regimes call into question some of the ideas about democratic
transitions that underpin the democracy promotion strategies of the
United States and other Western countries. Despite their growing
importance, semi-authoritarian regimes have not received systematic
attention. Marina Ottaway examines five countries (Egypt,
Azerbaijan, Venezuela, Croatia, and Senegal) which highlight the
distinctive features of semi-authoritarianism and the special
challenge each poses to policymakers. She explains why the dominant
approach to democracy promotion isn't effective in these countries
and concludes by suggesting alternative policies. Marina Ottaway is
senior associate and codirector of the Democracy and Rule of Law
Project at the Carnegie Endowment.
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