Although STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics)
has been diversely defined by various researchers (e.g. Buck
Institute, 2003; Capraro & Slough, 2009; Scott, 2009; Wolf,
2008), during the last decade, STEM education has gained an
increasing presence on the national agenda through initiatives from
the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Institute for
Educational Sciences (IES). The rate of technological innovation
and change has been tremendous over the past ten years, and this
rapid increase will only continue. STEM literacy is the power to
"identify, apply, and integrate concepts from science, technology,
engineering, and mathematics to understand complex problems and to
innovate to solve them" (Washington State STEM, 2011, Internet). In
order for U.S. students to be on the forefront of this revolution,
ALL of our schools need to be part of the STEM vision and guide
students in acquiring STEM literacy. Understanding and addressing
the challenge of achieving STEM literacy for ALL students begins
with an understanding of its element and the connections between
them. In order to remain competitive, the Committee on Prospering
in the Global Economy has recommended that the US optimize "its
knowledge-based resources, particularly in science and technology"
(National Academies, 2007, p. 4). Optimizing knowledge-based
resources needs to be the goal but is also a challenge for ALL
educators (Scheurich & Huggins, 2009). Regardless, there is
little disagreement that contemporary society is increasingly
dependent on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics and
thus comprehensive understandings are essential for those pursuing
STEM careers. It is also generally agreed that PK-12 students do
not do well in STEM areas, both in terms of national standards and
in terms of international comparisons (Kuenzi, Matthews, &
Mangan, 2006; Capraro, Capraro, Yetkiner, Corlu, Ozel, Ye, &
Kim, 2011). The question then becomes what might PK-12 schools do
to improve teachers' and students' STEM knowledge and skills? This
book will look at equity and access issues in STEM education from
PK-12, university, and administrative and policy lenses.
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