International environment is a crucial factor in determining the
developmental path pursued by democratizing great powers.
Democracies are thought to be less belligerent than traditional
autocracies, yet Japan, Germany, Italy became reckless expansionist
powers during their democratization processes. Based upon
historical case studies, this work suggests a general pattern
regarding democratization and foreign expansion by examining the
degree to which the military is oriented, and the cohesion of
economic social groups in the face of military assault. Ohara then
attempts to draw lessons useful for present-day democratization in
China and Russia.
Military social groups--the king and the nobility--dominate
domestic society in a traditional autocracy. A secure domestic
position allows the sovereign to focus on international survival
and dominance. However, during the democratization period emerging
economic and social groups--bourgeoisie and labor--challenge the
dominance of the military social groups. When the military regards
this challenge as more threatening than international survival, the
possibility for a state to become a reckless expansionist emerges.
Identifying possible causal relationships and producing realistic
policy prescriptions is not enough to avert the trend, Ohara
contends, one must propose multiple policy options viable at any
given point, as well as various fall back plans to be implemented
as necessary.
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