While the fate of minorities under Nazism is well known, the
earlier expulsions of Germany's unwanted residents are less well
understood. Against a backdrop of raging public debate, and
numerous claims of a 'state of exception', tens of thousands of
vulnerable people living in the German Empire were the victims of
mass expulsion orders between 1871 and 1914. Groups as diverse as
Socialists, Jesuits, Danes, colonial subjects, French nationalists,
Poles, and 'Gypsies' were all removed, under circumstances that
varied from police actions undertaken by provincial governors
through to laws authorising removals passed by the Reichstag.
Purging the Empire examines the competing voices demanding the
removal or the preservation of suspect communities, suggesting that
these expulsions were enabled by the decentralised and
participatory nature of German politics. In a surprisingly
responsive political system, a range of players, including the
Kaiser, the Reichstag, the bureaucracy, provincial officials, and
local police authorities were all empowered to authorise the
expulsion of unwanted residents. Added to this, the German press,
civic associations, chambers of commerce, public intellectuals,
religious societies, and the grassroots membership of political
parties all played an important role in advocating or denouncing
the measures before, during and after their implementation. Far
from revealing the centrality of authoritarian caprice, Germany's
mass expulsions point to the diffuse nature of coercive sovereign
power and the role of public pressure in authorising or censuring
the removals that took place in a modern, increasingly
parliamentary Rechtsstaat.
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