"Audacious Reforms" examines the creation of new political
institutions in three Latin American countries: direct elections
for governors and mayors in Venezuela, radical municipalization in
Bolivia, and direct election of the mayor of Buenos Aires in
Argentina. Diverging from the usual incremental processes of
political change, these cases marked a significant departure from
traditional centralized governments. Such "audacious reforms,"
explains Merilee S. Grindle, reinvent the ways in which public
problems are manifested and resolved, the ways in which political
actors calculate the costs and benefits of their activities, and
the ways in which social groups relate to the political
process.
Grindle considers three central questions: Why would rational
politicians choose to give up power? What accounts for the
selection of some institutions rather than others? And how does the
introduction of new institutions alter the nature of political
actions? The case studies of Venezuela, Bolivia, and Argentina
demonstrate that institutional invention must be understood from
theoretical perspectives that stretch beyond immediate concerns
about electoral gains and political support building. Broader
theoretical perspectives on the definition of nation and state, the
nature of political contests, the legitimacy of political systems,
and the role of elites all must be considered. While past conflicts
are not erased by reforms, in the new order there is often greater
potential for more responsible, accountable, and democratic
government.
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