What was "real socialism"--the term which originated in
twentieth-century socialist societies for the purpose of
distinguishing them from abstract, theoretical socialism? In this
volume, Michael A. Lebowitz considers the nature, tendencies, and
contradictions of those societies. Beginning with the constant
presence of shortages within "real socialism," Lebowitz searches
for the inner relations which generate these patterns. He finds
these, in particular, in what he calls "vanguard relations of
production," a relation which takes the apparent form of a social
contract where workers obtain benefits not available to their
counterparts in capitalism but lack the power to decide within the
workplace and society.
While these societies were able to claim major achievements in
areas from health care to education to popular culture, the
separation of thinking and doing prevented workers from developing
their capacities as fully developed human beings. The relationship
within "real socialism" between the vanguard as conductor and a
conducted working class, however, did not only lead to the
deformation of workers and those elements necessary for the
building of socialism; it also created the conditions in which
enterprise managers emerged as an incipient capitalist class, which
was an immediate source of the crises of "real socialism." As he
argued in The Socialist Alternative: Real Human Development,
Lebowitz stresses the necessity to go beyond the hierarchy inherent
in the relation of conductor and conducted (and beyond the
"vanguard Marxism" which supports this) to create the conditions in
which people can transform themselves through their conscious
cooperation and practice--i.e., a society of free and associated
producers.
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