Provides an analytical framework for assessing the impact of NGOs
on intergovernmental negotiations on the environment and
identifying the factors that determine the degree of NGO influence,
with case studies that apply the framework to negotiations on
climate change, biosafety, desertification, whaling, and forests.
Over the past thirty years nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
have played an increasingly influential role in international
negotiations, particularly on environmental issues. NGO diplomacy
has become, in the words of one organizer, an "international
experiment in democratizing intergovernmental decision making." But
there has been little attempt to determine the conditions under
which NGOs make a difference in either the process or the outcome
of international negotiations. This book presents an analytic
framework for the systematic and comparative study of NGO diplomacy
in international environmental negotiations. Chapters by experts on
international environmental policy apply this framework to assess
the effect of NGO diplomacy on specific negotiations on
environmental and sustainability issues. The proposed analytical
framework offers researchers the tools with which to assess whether
and how NGO diplomats affect negotiation processes, outcomes, or
both, and through comparative analysis the book identifies factors
that explain variation in NGO influence, including coordination of
strategy, degree of access, institutional overlap, and alliances
with key states. The empirical chapters use the framework to
evaluate the degree of NGO influence on the first phase of the
Kyoto Protocol negotiations on global climate change, the Cartagena
Protocol on Biosafety, the United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification, negotiations within the International Whaling
Commission that resulted in new management procedures and a ban on
commercial whaling, and international negotiations on forests
involving the United Nations, the International Tropical Timber
Organization, and the World Trade Organization. Contributors
Steinar Andresen, Michele M. Betsill, Stanley W. Burgiel, Elisabeth
Corell, David Humphreys, Tora Skodvin
General
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