PROBLEMS OF ETHICS PRENTICE-HAL4 PHILOSOPHY SERIES ARTHUR E. Mu
ftHY, PH. D., EDITOR PERCEPTION AND AESTHETIC VALUE, by Harold
Newton Lee FORMAL LOGIC, by Albert A. Bennett and Charles A. Bayhs
PROBLEMS OF ETHICS, by Moritz Schlick. Translated by David Rynin
PROBLEMS OF ETHICS BY MORITZ SCHLICK AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY
DAVID RYNIN, PH. D NEW YORK 1939 PRENTICE-HALL, INC. COPYRIGHT,
1939, BJ PRENTICE-HALL, 70 Fifth Avenue, New York ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY
MIMEOGRAPH OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRIT ING FROM
THE PUBLISHERS. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Foreword
THE appearance, in English translation, of Professor Moritz
Schlicks Fragen dcr JLthi is timely and welcome.-Professor Schlick
was the leader of the vigorous and influential Vienna Circle, a
group of scientists, logicians, and philosophers who attacked in a
fresh way the persistent problem as to what the nature and the
significant function of philosophical reflection really is. These
thinkers, in general, carry on the traditions of empiricism and
positivism, which they have reformulated in the light of certain
views arising from a logical analysis of language and sym bols.
Accordingly, the position which these writers represent sometimes
goes by the name of logical positivism. The application of the
methods and re sults of this type of analysis to some of the
traditional problems of ethics supplies the substance of this book.
It will bring home to the mind of the thoughtful reader the
pressing question as to the real nature of ethical problems indeed
of all those problems which have to do with the appraisal of human
values. These problems are crucial forus now, both in theory and in
practice. To have so unambiguous and clear a state vi FOREWORD ment
of these problems as they appear within the per spective of modern
positivism is very much worth while. GEORGE P. ADAMS The University
of California Translators Note ALTHOUGH this authorized translation
of Moritz Schlicks Fragen der Ethi was read and ap proved, and in
part revised, by the author before his untimely and tragic death, I
accept full responsibility for whatever shortcomings may yet
characterize it. I wish to thank my friends for their assistance in
render ing the more difficult passages into readable English, DAVID
RYNIN Vll Contents PAGE FOREWORD, BY GEORGE P. ADAMS v TRANSLATORS
NOTE vii PREFACE xin CHAPTER L WHAT Is THE AIM OF ETHICS .... i 1.
Ethics Seeks Nothing But Knowledge i 2. The Subject-matter of
Ethics .... 2 3. On the Definition of Good .... 5 4. Is the Good
Indefinable 8 5. The Formal Characteristic of the Good 10 6.
Material Characteristics II 7. Moral Norms and Moral Principles .
14 Ethics as a Normative Science . . 17 9. Ethics as Factual
Science 20 10. Ethics Seeks Causal Explanation . . 22 11.
Formulation of the Fundamental Ques tion 26 12. The Method of
Ethics Is Psychological . 28 i II. WHAT ARE THE MOTIVES OF HUMAN
CON DUCT 31 1. Activity and Conduct 31 2. The Nature of the Act of
Will ... 33 ix CONTENTS HAPTER PAGE II. WHAT ARE THE MOTIVES OF
HUMAN CON DUCT Continued 3. The Concept of Will 35 4. The Law of
Motivation 36 5. In Proof of the Law of Motivation . . 41 6. The
Law of Motivation in the Case of Sacrifice 42 7. The Law of
Motivation in the Case of Heroism 45 8. Rebuttal of False
Objections and Ex planations 47 9. The Law of Motivation Is Not
Tautologous 51 10. The Law Expresses Significant Knowl edge 53 III.
WHAT Is EGOISM 56 1. Egoism Is Immoral ...... 56 2. Egoism and
Personal Welfare ... 57 3. The Nature of Impulse 59 4. Is Egoism an
Impulse 62 5. The Possibility of Imagining Personal States 65 6.
Egoism Is Not the Will to Pleasure . . 69 7. Egoism and the Impulse
of Self-Preser vation 72 8. Egoism as Inconsiderateness .... 73 9.
Moral Condemnation of Egoism . . 76 IV. WHAT Is THE MEANING OF
MORAL . . 79 i. The Morality of Demand and the Mo rality of Desire
79
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