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Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health (Paperback)
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Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health (Paperback)
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Regular use of sunscreens has been shown to reduce the risk of
sunburn and skin cancer, and slow photoaging of skin. Sunscreens
can rinse off into water where people are swimming or wading, and
can also enter bodies of water through wastewater such as from
bathing or showering. As a result, the ultraviolet (UV) filters -
the active ingredients in sunscreens that reduce the amount of UV
radiation on skin - have been detected in the water, sediment, and
animal tissues in aquatic environments. Because the impact of these
filters on aquatic ecosystems is not fully understood, assessment
is needed to better understand their environmental impacts. This
report calls on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to conduct
an ecological risk assessment of UV filters to characterize the
possible risks to aquatic ecosystems and the species that live in
them. EPA should focus on environments more likely to be exposed
such as those with heavy recreational use, or where wastewater and
urban runoff enter the water. The risk assessment should cover a
broad range of species and biological effects and could consider
potential interacting effects among UV filters and with other
environmental stresses such as climate change. In addition, the
report describes the role of sunscreens in preventing skin cancer
and what is known about how human health could be affected by
potential changes in usage. While the need for a risk assessment is
urgent, research is needed to advance understanding of both risks
to the environment from UV filters and impacts to human health from
changing sunscreen availability and usage. Table of Contents Front
Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Introduction to Sunscreens and
Their UV Filters 3 Problem Formulation: Sources, Settings, and
Ecological Receptors 4 Fate, Transport, and Potential Exposure in
the Environment 5 Bioaccumulation and Measured Concentrations of UV
Filters in Biota 6 Review of Studies on the Effects of UV Filters
in Aquatic Environments 7 Sunscreen, Preventive Health Behaviors,
and Implications of Changes in Sunscreen Use for Public Health 8
Conclusions and Recommendations Appendix A: Committee Member
Biographies Appendix B: UV Filter Usage Appendix C: UV Filter Water
and Sediment Occurrence Data Appendix D: Supplementary Information
for Bioaccumulation Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables
Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on
Select Organic UV Filters Appendix G: Acronyms, Abbreviations, and
Units References
General
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