The displacement formulation of the finite element method is the
most general and most widely used technique for structural analysis
of airplane configurations. Modem structural synthesis techniques
based on the finite element method have reached a certain maturity
in recent years, and large airplane structures can now be optimized
with respect to sizing type design variables for many load cases
subject to a rich variety of constraints including stress,
buckling, frequency, stiffness and aeroelastic constraints (Refs.
1-3). These structural synthesis capabilities use gradient based
nonlinear programming techniques to search for improved designs.
For these techniques to be practical a major improvement was
required in computational cost of finite element analyses (needed
repeatedly in the optimization process). Thus, associated with the
progress in structural optimization, a new perspective of
structural analysis has emerged, namely, structural analysis
specialized for design optimization application, or.what is known
as "design oriented structural analysis" (Ref. 4). This discipline
includes approximation concepts and methods for obtaining behavior
sensitivity information (Ref. 1), all needed to make the
optimization of large structural systems (modeled by thousands of
degrees of freedom and thousands of design variables) practical and
cost effective.
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