The study of normal impedance of perforated plate acoustic liners
including the effect of bias flow was studied. Two impedance models
were developed by modeling the internal flows of perforate orifices
as infinite tubes with the inclusion of end corrections to handle
finite length effects. These models assumed incompressible and
compressible flows, respectively, between the far field and the
perforate orifice. The incompressible model was used to predict
impedance results for perforated plates with percent open areas
ranging from 5% to 15%. The predicted resistance results showed
better agreement with experiments for the higher percent open area
samples. The agreement also tended to deteriorate as bias flow was
increased. For perforated plates with percent open areas ranging
from 1% to 5%, the compressible model was used to predict impedance
results. The model predictions were closer to the experimental
resistance results for the 2% to 3% open area samples. The
predictions tended to deteriorate as bias flow was increased. The
reactance results were well predicted by the models for the higher
percent open area, but deteriorated as the percent open area was
lowered (5%) and bias flow was increased. A fit was done on the
incompressible model to the experimental database. The fit was
performed using an optimization routine that found the optimal set
of multiplication coefficients to the non-dimensional groups that
minimized the least squares slope error between predictions and
experiments. The result of the fit indicated that terms not
associated with bias flow required a greater degree of correction
than the terms associated with the bias flow. This model improved
agreement with experiments by nearly 15% for the low percent open
area (5%) samples when compared to the unfitted model. The fitted
model and the unfitted model performed equally well for the higher
percent open area (10% and 15%).
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