This thesis considers the non-equilibrium and energy transfer
processes involved in the evolution of astrophysical gases and
plasmas. Momentum-energy transfer in collisions of atoms, molecules
and ions governs the evolution of interacting astrophysical gas and
plasmas. These collisions require an accurate quantum mechanical
description and the work presented here develops a unified kinetic
and quantum-mechanical model for this consideration. The
multi-scale computational approach implemented here takes into
account non-thermal distributions of atomic particles and clarifies
their role in the evolution of interstellar gas and planetary
atmospheres. As shown, the physical parameters of non-thermal
distributions strongly depend on the differential cross sections of
atomic, molecular and ion collisions. Readers will find a detailed
description of the energy relaxation of energetic atoms, produced
in the interstellar gas by the solar and stellar wind plasmas.
Computation of the non-thermal diffuse background of energetic
helium atoms in the heliosphere is also included for evaluation of
the contributions from local and cosmic sources and analysis of
related satellite observations. Work involving modeling of
energetic particle precipitation into planetary atmospheres and
formation of the planetary and exoplanetary escape fluxes has been
performed with very accurate cross sections, describing
momentum-energy transfer processes with high precision. Results of
the Monte Carlo simulations, carried out for the Mars atmosphere at
different solar conditions, can be used for analysis of
observational data for Mars atmospheric escape and investigation
into the history of Martian water.
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