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Fairness - Theory & Practice of Distributive Justice (Paperback)
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Fairness - Theory & Practice of Distributive Justice (Paperback)
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In theory and practice, the notion of fairness is far from simple.
The principle is often elusive and subject to confusion, even in
institutions of law, usage, and custom. In Fairness, Nicholas
Rescher aims to liberate this concept from misunderstandings by
showing how its definitive characteristics prevent it from being
absorbed by such related conceptions as paternalistic benevolence,
radical egalitarianism, and social harmonization. Rescher
demonstrates that equality before the state is an instrument of
justice, not of social utility or public welfare, and argues that
the notion of fairness stops well short of a literal
egalitarianism. Rescher disposes of the confusions arising from
economists' penchant to focus on individual preferences, from
decision theorists' concern for averting envy, and from political
theorists' sympathy for egalitarianism. In their place he shows how
the idea of distributive equity forms the core of the concept of
fairness in matters of distributive justice. The coordination of
shares with valid claims is the crux of the concept of fairness. In
Rescher's view, this means that the pursuit of fairness requires
objective rather than subjective evaluation of the goods being
shared. This is something quite different from subjective equity
based on the personal evaluation of goods by those laying claim to
them. Insofar as subjective equity is a concern, the appropriate
procedure for its realization is a process of maximum value
distribution. Further, Rescher demonstrates that in matters of
distributive justice, the distinction between new ownership and
preexisting ownership is pivotal and calls for proceeding on very
different principles depending on the case. How one should proceed
depends on context, and what is adjudged fair is pragmatic, in that
there are different requirements for effectiveness in achieving the
aims and purposes of the sort of distribution that is intended.
Rescher concludes that fairness is a fundamentally ethical concept.
Its distinctive modus operandi contrasts sharply with the aims of
paternalism, preference-maximizing, or economic advantage. Fairness
will be of interest to philosophers, economists, and political
scientists.
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