Nicolai Hartmann (1882-1950), along with Henri Bergson and Martin
Heidegger, was instrumental in restoring metaphysics to the study
of philosophy. Unlike his contemporaries, however, Hartmann was
clearly influenced by Plato. His tour-de-force, Ethik, published in
English in 1932 as Ethics, may be the most outstanding work on
moral philosophy produced in the twentieth century.
In the first part of Ethics (Moral Phenomena), Hartmann was
concerned with the structure of ethical phenomena, and criticized
utilitarianism, Kantianism, and relativism as misleading
approaches. In the second part, Moral Values, the author describes
all values as forming a complex and as yet imperfectly known
system. The actualization of the non-moral and elementary moral
values is a necessary condition for the actualization of the higher
values. It is on this account that rudimentary values have a prior
claim.
Hartmann outlines the main features of the chief virtues, and
shows that the moral disposition required in any exigency is always
a specific synthesis of various and often conflicting values.
Specifically describing fundamental moral values -- such as
goodness, nobility, and vitality -- and special moral values --
such as justice, wisdom, courage, self-control, trustworthiness,
and modesty -- Hartmann takes theoretical philosophy and brings it
very much into the realm of the practical.
A compelling and insightful volume, Moral Values remains an
essential contribution to the moral and ethical literature of the
twentieth century. Hartmann offers a self-contained system of
ethics that yet offers a conservative outlook on social life.
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