The Geography of Morals is a work of extraordinary ambition: an
indictment of the parochialism of Western philosophy, a
comprehensive dialogue between anthropology, empirical moral
psychology, behavioral economics, and cross-cultural philosophy,
and a deep exploration of the opportunities for self, social, and
political improvement provided by world philosophy. We live in
multicultural, cosmopolitan worlds. These worlds are distinctive
moral ecologies in which people enact and embody different lived
philosophies and conceive of mind, morals, and the meaning of life
differently from the typical WEIRD - Western, Educated,
Industrialized, Rich, Democratic - person. This is not a
predicament; it is an opportunity. Many think that cross cultural
understanding is useful for developing a modus vivendi where people
from different worlds are not at each other's throats and tolerate
each other. Flanagan presses the much more exciting possibility
that cross-cultural philosophy provides opportunities for exploring
the varieties of moral possibility, learning from other traditions,
and for self, social, and political improvement. There are ways of
worldmaking in other living traditions - Confucian, Daoist,
Buddhist, Hindu, Jain, Muslim, Amerindian, and African - that
citizens in Western countries can benefit from. Cross-cultural
learning is protection against what Alasdair MacIntyre refers to as
being "imprisoned by one's upbringing." Flanagan takes up perennial
topics of whether there is anything to the idea of a common human
nature, psychobiological sources of human morality, the nature of
the self, the role of moral excellence in a good human life, and
whether and how empirical inquiry into morality can contribute to
normative ethics. The Geography of Morals exemplifies how one can
respectfully conceive of multiculturalism and global interaction as
providing not only opportunities for business and commerce, but
also opportunities for socio-moral and political improvement on all
sides. This is a book that aims to change how normative ethics and
moral psychology are done.
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