The development of unconventional oil and natural gas resources
using horizontal drilling and high-volume hydraulic fracturing has
created new demand for wastewater disposal wells that inject waste
fluids into deep geologic strata. Deep-well injection has long been
the environmentally preferred method for managing produced brine
and other wastewater associated with oil and gas production.
However, an increasing concern in the United States is that
injection of these fluids may be responsible for increasing rates
of seismic activity. The number of earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 or
greater in the central and eastern United States has increased
dramatically since about 2009 from an average of approximately 20
per year between 1970 and 2000 to over 100 per year in the period
2010-2013. Some of these earthquakes may be felt at the surface.
General
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