Since the end of World War II, the United States has set out to
oust governments in the Middle East on an average of around once
per decade. It has done so in places as diverse as Iran, Iraq,
Afghanistan (twice), Egypt, Libya, and Syria - to count only the
instances where regime change was effectively U.S. policy and where
Washington led the effort. The reasons for these interventions have
also been extremely diverse, including countering communism,
geopolitical competition, preventing the development of weapons of
mass destruction, combatting terrorism, saving civilian lives, and
promoting democracy. And the methods by which the United States
pursued regime change have also been highly varied: sponsoring a
military coup, providing covert or overt military assistance to
opposition groups, invading and occupying, invading and not
occupying, providing air power to opposition forces, or relying on
diplomacy, rhetoric, and sanctions. What is common to all the
operations, however, is that they failed to achieve their ultimate
goals, produced a range of unintended and even catastrophic
consequences, carried heavy financial and human costs, and in many
cases left the countries in question worse off than they were
before.
General
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