In "Beyond Nihilism, "Michael Polanyi argued that a merely
"negative" liberty of doing as one pleases so long as one does not
impinge upon the equal liberty of others--must and has led to
destructive nihilism and a fierce reaction to collectivism. R.T.
Allen takes up this argument in "Beyond Liberalism, "and shows how
Polanyi's political philosophy evolved into a more "positive" and
distinctly conservative concept of liberty, converging upon the
archetypal conservatism of Edmund Burke. Allen examines Polanyi's
and F.A. Hayek's thinking with respect to the nature, value, and
foundations of liberty.
Negative and positive liberties are two sides of one liberty,
and Allen believes negative conceptions of liberty are as dangerous
as positive ones. He distinguishes among general and abstract
definitions of liberty and shows how all, including that of Hayek,
ultimately dissolve. According to Allen, only tacit conceptions of
liberty, such as those of Burke and Polanyi, prove viable. This is
because they rest on concrete tradition. Allen examines how the
skeptical, rationalist, and utilitarian philosophies of Ludwig von
Mises and Sir Karl Popper fail to support the value of liberty and
even proved to be destructive of it. Allen argues that society
cannot rely upon the classically liberal notion of contract but
rather upon prescriptive and inherited obligations. In turn, this
means that citizens have positive, as well as negative, duties to
each other and the body politic of which they are part and upon
whose support liberty depends.
A free society is held together by emotional bonds and the
traditions and rituals that sustain them. A free society also
presupposes that the individual has inherent value in and for
himself. For R.T. Allen, only Christianity, and certainly no modern
philosophy, has a conception of the unique individual and his
irreplaceable value and of a political order that transcends itself
into the moral order. Even Polanyi's liberty is ultimately
insufficient, for it gives no inherent value to the person himself
but instead to the ideals which he serves. "Beyond Liberalism
"challenges deeply ingrained notions of liberty and its meaning in
modern society. It is a call for traditions of self-restraint and
justice for their own sakes. This noteworthy volume is an essential
addition to the libraries of political scientists, philosophers,
and theologians alike.
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