Shedding new light on how U.S. foreign policy is made, Ralph G.
Carter and James M. Scott focus on "congressional foreign policy
entrepreneurs," the often unrecognized representatives and senators
who take action on foreign policy matters rather than waiting for
the executive branch to do so. These proactive members of Congress
have undertaken many initiatives, including reaching out to
Franco's Spain, promoting detente with the Soviet Union, proposing
the return of the Panama Canal, seeking to ban military aid to
Pinochet's regime in Chile, pushing for military intervention in
Haiti, and championing the recognition of Vietnam. In "Choosing to
Lead," Carter and Scott examine the characteristics, activities,
and impact of foreign policy entrepreneurs since the end of the
Second World War. In so doing, they show not only that individual
members of Congress have long influenced the U.S. foreign
policy-making process, but also that the number of foreign policy
entrepreneurs has grown over time.
Carter and Scott combine extensive quantitative analysis,
interviews with members of Congress and their staff, and case
studies of key foreign policy entrepreneurs, including Frank
Church, William Fulbright, Jesse Helms, Edward Kennedy, Pat
McCarran, and Curt Weldon. Drawing on their empirical data, the
authors identify the key variables in foreign policy
entrepreneurship, including membership in the Senate or House,
seniority and committee assignments, majority or minority party
status, choice of foreign policy issues, and the means used to
influence policy. By illuminating the roles and impact of
individual members of Congress, Carter and Scott contribute to a
more nuanced understanding of the broader U.S. foreign
policy-making process.
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