Liquid Crystals LCs] are synthetic functional materials par
excellence and are to be found in many types of LCDs; LCs
self-assemble into ordered, but fluid, supramolecular structures
and domains; they can be oriented in large homogeneous monodomains
by electric and magnetic fields, Langmuir Blodgett techniques and
also by self-orientation on suitable alignment layers; they are
also anisotropic with preferred axes of light absorption, emission
and charge transport with excellent semiconducting properties; they
are soluble in organic solvents and can be deposited as uniform
thin layers on device substrates, including plastic, by low-cost
deposition processes, such as spin coating and doctor blade
techniques; reactive mesogens polymerisable LC monomers] can be
photopatterned and fixed in position and orientation as insoluble
polymer networks. LCs are increasingly being used as active
components in electronic and photonic organic devices, such as
Organic Light-Emitting Diodes OLEDs], Organic Field Effect
Transistors OFETs], Thin Film Transistors TFTs] and photovoltaic
cells PVs]. Such devices on plastic substrates represent a major
component of the plastic electronics revolution. The
self-assembling properties and supramolecular structures of liquid
crystals can be made use of in order to improve the performance of
such devices. The relationships between chemical structure, liquid
crystalline behaviour and other physical properties, such as
charge-transport, photoluminescence and electroluminescence are
discussed and explained. For example, high carrier-mobility,
polarised emission and enhanced output-coupling are identified as
the key advantages of nematic and smectic liquid crystals for
electroluminescence. The advantageous use of anisotropic polymer
networks formed by the polymerisation of reactive mesogens RMs] in
devices with multilayer capability and photopatternability is
described. The anisotropic transport and high carrier mobilities of
columnar liquid crystals make them promising candidates for
photovoltaics and transistors. The issues in the design and
processing of liquid crystalline semiconductors for such devcies
with improved performance are described. The photonic properties of
chiral liquid crystals and their use as mirror-less lasers are also
discussed.
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