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EAA 88: Excavations of an Iron Age Settlement and Roman Religious Complex at Ivy Chimneys, Witham, Essex 1978-83 (Paperback)
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EAA 88: Excavations of an Iron Age Settlement and Roman Religious Complex at Ivy Chimneys, Witham, Essex 1978-83 (Paperback)
Series: East Anglian Archaeology Monograph, 88
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The site at Ivy Chimneys, Witham, appears to have been occupied
continuously throughout the Iron Age, and remained in use until the
end of the Roman period. Most traces of domestic Iron Age
structures were removed by ploughing, but the surviving ditches
seem to indicate more than a simple farmstead. Very large, probably
defensive, ditches of late Iron Age date may imply that the
settlement at Ivy Chimneys was a focus of activity at that time,
and a small amount of circumstantial evidence hints at a religious
use for part of the site. The nature of activity in early Roman
times is unclear, although there is ample evidence for occupation
of some form. The instigation of two large, long-lived, artificial
depressions at this time may point towards the beginnings of Roman
religious activity on the site. In the 3rd century AD a large,
almost square, post-hole structure, interpreted as a Romano-Celtic
temple, was constructed on the crest of the hill, and was enclosed
by various ditches remnant of earlier activity. A large pond with a
sophisticated water regulation system was constructed at about this
time, and isolated timber columns may also have been present. A new
temple appears to have been constructed in the early 4th century,
represented by a continuous ditch enclosing a sub-rectangular area.
An adjacent depression contained votive material and may have been
used for religious ceremonies, although a pottery kiln appears to
have produced only conventional material. The interpretation of a
Christian phase in the mid-4th century is based on the presence of
a baptismal font constructed of tile, and of a small two-celled
structure, possibly a chapel. Other evidence may indirectly point
to a pause in the pagan activity, but no specifically Christian
portable objects were found. In the late 4th and early 5th century
the site was certainly used as a pagan shrine, as attested by
numerous votive offerings such as coins and pieces of jewellery.
There is no evidence for the date of the final destruction of the
site, but the presence of a relatively high number of Theodosian
coins suggests continued activity well into the 5th century.
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