64029 PREFACE The object of the present book is to provide an
introduction to the principles and applications of thermodynamics
for students of chemistry and chemical engineering. All too often
it appears that such students tend to regard the subject as an
academic and burdensome discipline, only to discover at a later
date that it is a highly important tool of great prac tical value.
The writers purpose has been to explain the general structure of
thermodynamics, and to give some indication of how it may be used
to yield results having a direct bearing on the work of the
chemist. More than one hundred illustrative numerical problems are
worked out in the text, and a total of about three hundred and
sixty exercises of a variety of types have been included for
solution by the reader. In the hope of imparting the whole subject
with an aspect of reality, much of the material for this purpose
has been taken from the chemical literature, to which references
are given. In order to economize space, and at the same time to
test the readers grasp of thermodynamics, the derivations of a
number of interesting results have been set as exercises. To this
extent, at least, the exercises are to be considered as part of the
text, although their solution should in any event be regarded as
essential to any adequate course in chemical thermodynamics. In
treating the various topics in this book the particular method em
ployed has been determined in each case by considerations of
simplicity, usefulness and logical development. In some instances
the classical, his torical approach has been preferred, but in
others the discussion follows more modern lines. Whenever feasible
the generalized procedures, involving reduced temperatures and
pressures, which have been evolved in recent years chiefly by
chemical engineers, are introduced. As regards statistical methods,
the author feels that the time has come for them to take their
place as an essential part of chemical thermodynamics.
Consequently, the applications of partition functions to the
determination of heat capaci ties, entropies, free energies,
equilibrium constants, etc., have been intro duced into the text in
the appropriate places where it is hoped their value will be
appreciated. The symbols and nomenclature are essentially those
which have been widely adopted in the American chemical literature
however, for reasons given in the text, and in accordance with a
modern trend, the Gibbs symbol M and the shorter term chemical
potential are employed for the partial molar free energy. Because
atmospheric pressure is postulated for the conventional standard
state of a liquid, some confusion has resulted from the use of the
same symbol for the standard state as for the liquid at an
arbitrary pressure. Hence, the former state is indicated in the
text in VI PREFAOB the usual manner, by a zero or circle, but the
latter is distinguished by a small square as superscript. The
writer would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge his in
debtedness to certain books, namely, F. H. Macdougall,
Thermodynamics and Chemistry L. E. Steiner, Introduction to
Chemical Thermody namics B. F. Dodge, Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics and, in particular, G. N. Lewis and M. Randall,
Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances. He is
also sincerely grateful to Dr. Allen E. Steam, University of
Missouri, and Dr. Roy F. Newton, Purdue Idiversity, for reading the
manuscript of this book and for making numerous suggestions which
have helped materially to clarify and improve the treat ment.
Finally, the author wishes to express his thanks to his wife for
reading the proofs, and for her continued aid and encouragement.
SAMUEL GLASSTONE BERKELEY, CALJF. November 1946 CONTENTS CHAPTER
PACE PREFACE v I. HEAT, WORK AND ENERGY 1 1. Introduction, 1 2.
Temperature, 2 3. Work, Energy and Heat, 5. II. PROPERTIES OF
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS 14 4. Thermodynamic Systems, 14 5. Equations
of State, 18. HI...
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