In tracing the origins of the modern human-rights movement,
historians typically point to two periods: the 1940s, in which
decade the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was
ratified by the United Nations General Assembly; and the 1970s,
during which numerous human rights nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs), most notably Amnesty International and Medecins Sans
Frontieres, came into existence. It was also in the 1970s, Sarita
Cargas observes, when the first classes in international human
rights began to be taught in law schools and university political
science departments in the United States. Cargas argues that the
time has come for human rights to be acknowledged as an academic
discipline. She notes that human rights has proven to be a relevant
field to scholars and students in political science and
international relations and law for over half a century. It has
become of interest to anthropology, history, sociology, and
religious studies, as well as a requirement even in social work and
education programs. However, despite its interdisciplinary nature,
Cargas demonstrates that human rights meets the criteria that
define an academic discipline in that it possesses a canon of
literature, a shared set of concerns, a community of scholars, and
a methodology. In an analysis of human rights curricula in
Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States,
Cargas identifies an informal consensus on the epistemological
foundations of human rights, including familiarity with human
rights law; knowledge of major actors including the United Nations,
governments, NGOS, and multinational corporations; and, most
crucially, awareness and advocacy of the rights and freedoms
detailed in the articles of the UDHR. The second half of the book
offers practical recommendations for creating a human rights major
or designing courses at the university level in the United States.
General
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