As science becomes increasingly computational, the limits of what
is computationally tractable become a barrier to scientific
progress. Many scientific problems, however, are amenable to human
problem solving skills that complement computational power. By
leveraging these skills on a larger scale-beyond the relatively few
individuals currently engaged in scientific inquiry-there is the
potential for new scientific discoveries. This book presents a
framework for mapping open scientific problems into video games.
The game framework combines computational power with human problem
solving and creativity to work toward solving scientific problems
that neither computers nor humans could previously solve alone. To
maximize the potential contributors to scientific discovery, the
framework designs a game to be played by people with no formal
scientific background and incentivizes long-term engagement with a
myriad of collaborative or competitive reward structures. The
framework allows for the continual coevolution of the players and
the game to each other: as players gain expertise through gameplay,
the game changes to become a better tool. The framework is
validated by being applied to proteomics problems with the video
game Foldit. Foldit players have contributed to novel discoveries
in protein structure prediction, protein design, and protein
structure refinement algorithms. The coevolution of human problem
solving and computer tools in an incentivized game framework is an
exciting new scientific pathway that can lead to discoveries
currently unreachable by other methods.
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