Gender and the Jubilee is a bold reconceptualization of black
freedom during the Civil War that uncovers the political and
constitutional claims made by African American women. By analyzing
the actions of women in the urban environment of St. Louis and the
surrounding areas of rural Missouri, Romeo uncovers the confluence
of military events, policy changes, and black agency that shaped
the gendered paths to freedom and citizenship. During the turbulent
years of the Civil War crisis, African American women asserted
their vision of freedom through a multitude of strategies. They
took concerns ordinarily under the jurisdiction of civil courts,
such as assault and child custody, and transformed them into
military matters. African American women petitioned military police
for "free papers"; testified against former owners; fled to
contraband camps; and "joined the army" with their male relatives,
serving as cooks, laundresses, and nurses. Freedwomen, and even
enslaved women, used military courts to lodge complaints against
employers and former masters, sought legal recognition of their
marriages, and claimed pensions as the widows of war veterans.
Through military venues, African American women in a state where
the institution of slavery remained unmolested by the Emancipation
Proclamation, demonstrated a claim on citizenship rights well
before they would be guaranteed through the establishment of the
Fourteenth Amendment. The litigating slave women of antebellum St.
Louis, and the female activists of the Civil War period, left a
rich legal heritage to those who would continue the struggle for
civil rights in the postbellum era.
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