Foreign policymakers frequently invoke historical analogies to make
and justify decisions in the belief that history teaches particular
lessons. Yet historians and philosophers are not so sure. Arthur
Schlesinger once wrote that, 'Santayana's aphorism must be
reversed; too often it is those who can remember the past who are
condemned to repeat it.' Condemned to Repeat It addresses six
historical myths that underwrote U.S. containment policy during the
Cold War. The collapse of the Soviet empire seemed to confirm the
wisdom of U.S. containment policy and these 'lessons of history' as
universal truths that still influence U.S. foreign policy thinking
today. 1) A European states system based on realism,
balance-of-power, raison d'etat, and great power diplomacy did not
keep a 'long peace' from 1815 to 1914. 2) The punitive Versailles
Treaty with Germany did not cause the rise of Adolf Hitler and
World War Two. 3) Erroneous analogies to Neville Chamberlain's
failed attempt to avert war at Munich in 1938 worked its way into
virtually every debate on the use of force to stop communist
aggression during the Cold War. 4) Franklin Roosevelt did not 'give
away' Eastern Europe to Stalin at the Yalta Conference in 1945. The
conventional version of Yalta as a deal to divide Europe is
fictional. 5) U.S. containment policy did not create a stable
bi-polar world, and like the nineteenth-century balance-of-power
system, preserve another 'long peace' for forty-five years after
World War Two. 6) Ronald Reagan's military build-up and ideological
crusade against the Soviet Union did not cause the fall of
communism in 1989. Mikhail Gorbachev gave up the Soviet Empire. The
Reagan 'victory school' version of the end of the Cold War has
given American leaders the dubious belief that the United States
alone possesses the power to create a liberal democratic, free
market world order. Condemned to Repeat It appeals to anyone with
an interest in the legacy of the Cold War, including undergraduate
students.
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