This book introduces the reader to a new method of data
assimilation with deterministic constraints (exact satisfaction of
dynamic constraints)-an optimal assimilation strategy called
Forecast Sensitivity Method (FSM), as an alternative to the
well-known four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation
method. 4D-Var works with a forward in time prediction model and a
backward in time tangent linear model (TLM). The equivalence of
data assimilation via 4D-Var and FSM is proven and problems using
low-order dynamics clarify the process of data assimilation by the
two methods. The problem of return flow over the Gulf of Mexico
that includes upper-air observations and realistic dynamical
constraints gives the reader a good idea of how the FSM can be
implemented in a real-world situation.
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