Featuring a new foreword that brings the book up to date Rare
earths are elements that are found in the Earth's crust, and are
vital ingredients for the production of a wide variety of high
tech, defense, and green technologies-everything from iPhones and
medical technologies to wind turbines, efficiency lighting, smart
bombs, and submarines. While they are not particularly "rare" in
availability, they are difficult and expensive to mine. Yet, China
has managed to gain control over an estimated 97 percent of the
rare earth industry since the 1990s through cheap production, high
export taxes, and artificial limitations of supply. Rare earths,
and China's monopoly over them, became international news after
China "unofficially" curtailed exports to Japan, the United States,
and Europe in 2010. This embargo followed a collision between
Chinese and Japanese boats in the East China Sea, a locus of
geopolitical and economic tension between the two countries.
Although the World Trade Organization forced China to scrap its
restrictions, it still holds a stranglehold over these elements
that are so critical to the economic and security interests of the
United States and its allies. In this book, Sophia Kalantzakos
argues that the 2010 rare earth crisis signaled more than just a
trade dispute. Rather, it raises questions about China's use of
economic statecraft, and must be regarded as a part of the larger
discourse of global power relations. Importantly, she also argues
that the failure of political actors in major industrial nations to
enact comprehensive and effective policy solutions, or the
scientific and business communities to devise sustainable rare
earth production outside of China, points to future resource
competition. Featuring a new foreword, the paperback edition of
China and the Geopolitics of Rare Earths examines the impacts of
growing worldwide resource competition and the complexities
policymakers face as they develop strategies and responses in an
increasingly globalized world.
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