One of the important goals of periodontal therapy is the
restoration of the lost periodontium and conversion of the
periodontitis affected root surface into a substrate, which is
biologically hospitable for epithelial and connective tissue cell
adherence and attachment. An objective of periodontal treatment is
the predictable regeneration of the periodontium in areas
previously affected by periodontal disease. Periodontitis affected
root surfaces show many changes and the root is commonly referred
to as 'pathologically exposed'. The traditional treatment of
pathologically altered root surfaces has relied on mechanical
removal of plaque and calculus, root bound toxins and contaminated
cementum. It is not possible to decontaminate a periodontitis
affected root surface completely by mechanical means alone. The
instrumented surface will inevitably be covered by a smear layer
which is usually comprised of remnants of dental calculus, necrosed
root cementum, flecks of hydroxyapatite crystals, microorganisms
and their products. The root surface serves as a wound margin
during regeneration so it is necessary to rehabilitate the root
surface for cell attachment and fiber insertion.
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