More than a million people visit the Stonehenge World Heritage Site
every year, pondering the stones and soaking up the surrounding
landscape. When was it built? Who built it? What was it? How did it
work? Here Timothy Darvill argues that around 2600 BC local
communities transformed an existing sanctuary into a cult centre
that developed a big reputation: perhaps as an oracle and healing
place. For centuries people came from near and far, and even after
activities at the site began to decline the memory lived on and
people chose to be buried within sight of the stones. But
Stonehenge itself is only part of a story that involves the whole
landscape. People first came to the area during the last Ice Age
nearly half a million years ago. Long before Stonehenge was built
they were erecting posts, digging pits to contain sacred objects,
and constructing long mounds to house their dead. By the Age of
Stonehenge this was a heavily occupied landscape with daily life
focused along the River Avon. Later, farms and hamlets were
established, Roman villas came and went, and from about AD 1000 the
pattern of villages dotted along the valleys and the town of
Amesbury came to prominence. In the last hundred years or so the
army established training grounds and camps, but the biggest
battles in recent years have been over the future of the Stonehenge
landscape.
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