The authors of both the canonical and non-canonical novels in '30s
Turkey prefer to discuss modernity through using gender and related
themes. Moreover, namus (sexual honor) and nationalism form the
limits of alternative discourses. However there is a difference
between the non-canonical and canonical novels in terms of
modernity: the canonical novels explicitly criticize a definition
of modernity as a process that increases the possibilities for
individual liberation, perceives it as reflection of selfish
individualism and defends rather a model of modernity based on a
more rationally and centrally controlled society. According to
them, the first model of modernity shows its darker side in woman's
degeneration. The fundamental sign of this degeneration is that
woman loses her sexual namus. Thus, the main question of the
canonical novel is a negative one: How shouldn't we modernize? It
is a question that reminds the reader primarily of the dangers of
modernity. This defensive position of the canonical novels towards
modernization is explained by the tension between nationalism and
modernism, in Kemalist ideology and practice.
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