In Life in Common Tzvetan Todorov explores the construction of the
self and offers new perspectives on current debates about
otherness. Through the seventeenth century, solitude was considered
the human condition in the Western philosophical tradition. The
self was not dependent on others to perceive itself as complete.
Todorov sees a reversal of this thinking beginning with the
writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau in the eighteenth century. For
the first time the self was defined as incomplete without the
other, and the gaze no longer served only to satisfy personal
vanity but constituted the fundamental requisite for human
identity.
Todorov traces the far-reaching implications of Rousseau's new
vision of the self and society through the political,
philosophical, and psychoanalytical theories of Adam Smith, Georg
Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Georges Bataille, Melanie Klein, and
others, and the relevant literary works of Karl Philipp Moritz, the
Marquis de Sade, and Marcel Proust. In an original study of the
bond between parent and child, Todorov develops a compelling vision
of the self as social.
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