Meatpacking consolidated rapidly in the last two decades: slaughter
plants became much larger, and concentration increased as smaller
firms left the industry. We use establishment-based data from the
U.S. Census Bureau to describe consolidation and to identify the
roles of scale economies and technological change in driving
consolidation. Through the 1970's, larger plants paid higher wages,
generating a pecuniary scale diseconomy that largely offset the
cost advantages that technological scale economies offered large
plants. The larger plants' wage premium disappeared in the 1980's,
and technological change created larger and more extensive
technological scale economies. As a result, large plants realized
growing cost advantages over smaller plants, and production shifted
to larger plants.
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