This book evaluates the risks to human health and the environment
posed by exposure to three flame retardants:
tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris(1
3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), and tris(2-chloroethyl)
phosphate (TCEP). In view of their many similarities, TCPP and
TDCPP are covered together. Data on all three flame retardants are
extremely limited and largely confined to studies of environmental
levels and adverse effects detected in experimental animals and in
vitro test systems. The monograph on TCPP and TDCPP describes
manufacturing processes and summarizes current uses. The vast
majority of TCPP is used in rigid polyurethane foams, with main
applications in insulation for buildings and in refrigerator
casings. TDCPP is likewise added as a flame retardant to
polyurethane foam and has some additional applications as a flame
retardant for non-woven fabrics. For both chemicals, studies show
that residues are found infrequently and at low concentrations in
food items. For TCPP, traces have been detected in industrial and
domestic effluents but not in surface water or drinking water.
Traces of TDCPP have been detected in sewage effluent, river water,
seawater, drinking water, and water sediment and in fish. In view
of the low volatility of both chemicals, the report concludes that
human exposure from these sources will be very low and will not
present an acute health hazard for the general population.
Likewise, no adverse effects on the environment are anticipated
from the use of either of these flame retardants.Experimental
studies of TCPP in laboratory animals demonstrate low to moderate
toxicity by the oral, dermal, and inhalation routes. Tests indicate
that the chemical is neither a skin nor an eye irritant. No studies
were available to evaluate reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity,
or carcinogenic potential. In vitro and in vivo mutagenicity
studies produced negative results.Toxicity studies of TDCPP show
low to moderate acute toxicity by the oral route and low acute
toxicity by the dermal route. The report found no evidence of
teratogenicity or mutagenicity. A single carcinogenicity study
found an increased occurrence of several tumors at all exposure
levels tested in both male and female rats. In the absence of data
on the mechanisms of carcinogenic action, the relevance of these
findings to humans could not be assessed. The limited studies of
occupationally exposed workers were judged inadequate for
evaluation.The second monograph evaluates TCEP, a flame retardant
with declining uses in the production of liquid polyester resins
and in textile back-coating formulations. Traces have been detected
in river water, seawater, drinking water, sediment, fish and
shellfish, and a few food items. Experimental studies show low to
moderate acute oral toxicity. In repeat dose experiments, TCEP
caused adverse effects on the brain, liver and kidneys. The report
concludes that TCEP is not an irritant to the eye or skin and is
not teratogenic, although some adverse effects on the fertility of
male rats and mice have been demonstrated. Data indicating low
environmental exposures support the conclusion that TCEP poses a
very low risk of adverse health effects for the general population.
Use of TCEP is not expected to cause any adverse effects on the
environment.
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