As Harle shows, identity politics are nothing new. Post-Cold War
ethnic conflicts and genocides are mere examples in a tradition
where political conflicts are seen as struggles between good and
evil. This tradition extends from ancient Iranian Zoroastrianism
and classical Greek political theory up to present day American,
Russian, and European politics.
Harle examines how conflicts between us and them are often
"represented" as the struggle between the representatives of good
and representatives of evil. The origin of this tradition--the
struggle between good and evil--is found in ancient Iranian
Zoroastrianism, soon adopted by Judaism, Christianity, and finally,
Islam.
The political doctrine was born in ancient Greece, where power
struggles between the Greek city states, especially Athens and
Sparta, were represented by Athenians as the struggle between
democracy and tyranny. In the Middle Ages the tradition was applied
to, for example, Antichrists, rival faiths, witches, Jews,
Russians, and Muslims. In the modern world, examples of the
tradition in American and Russian political cultures and politics,
as well as Carl Schmitt's distinction between friend and enemy and
its international implications, especially the EU, are examined.
Finally, identity politics in Finland, Karelia, and Lapland are
presented as a problem of the definition of Europe. Harle claims
that phenomena like ethnic conflicts, political extremism,
neo-Nazism, and anti-Semitism are nothing new and are not
independent of one another; instead, as Harle shows, they are
examples in a long chain of tradition and interconnected through
that tradition. A provocative analysis for scholars and researchers
in international relations, political history, and the history of
ideas.
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