Invasive, nonnative plants are recognized as a significant and
growing threat to natural ecosystems worldwide. Invasive plants
disrupt natural conditions by changing the physical, chemical, and
biological attributes of the areas they invade. This often leads to
changes in communities of native species, shifts in ecological
interactions, alteration of large scale ecosystem processes, and
ultimately, a reduction in native biodiversity. Although wilderness
areas are widely valued for their native flora and fauna and intact
natural processes, these core aspects of wilderness are susceptible
to, and increasingly threatened by, nonnative plant invasions. Most
wilderness areas contain at least some invasive plants. In many
wildernesses, invasive plants are already altering natural
conditions. In addition to preventing new invasions and mapping and
monitoring existing invasions, wilderness and other natural area
managers are now faced with the complex problem of deciding how,
when, and where to control such invasions. Controlling invasions in
wilderness settings can be controversial, especially in
Congressionally designated wilderness. The Wilderness Act of 1964
Public Law 88 577] states that wilderness should be "protected and
managed so as to preserve its natural conditions." However, the Act
also mandates that wilderness be "untrammeled," or unmanipulated.
Based on this language, wilderness areas historically have been
managed in ways that minimize intentional human intervention. The
increasing spread and impacts of invasive, nonnative plants, along
with the fact that most known control efforts are intentionally
manipulative, and that invasions in the absence of control will
continue to decrease the naturalness of wilderness ecosystems, are
leading to new challenges and conflicts in how to manage for and
preserve natural conditions. Federal policy mandates that agency
management decisions consider the best available science. This
requires managers to be aware of current research regarding the
ecology of invasive plants as well as available management options.
Gathering the background information needed to properly manage
invasive plants can be a formidable task. This is a large and
rapidly expanding field, and the sheer volume of research and the
number of disparate literature sources in which it is published can
be overwhelming. To facilitate an understanding of this topic, and
ultimately the ability to make informed management decisions, we
have compiled an annotated reading list that covers those aspects
of invasive plant ecology and management most relevant to
wilderness and other areas managed for their ecological values. Our
intent is to (1) promote an improved understanding of the ecology
and impacts of invasive plants, (2) to familiarize managers with
current literature on various management approaches, and (3) to
facilitate access to relevant references.
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