VOLUME TWO: THE MAKING OF MODERN AMERICA From 1877 to 2020 The
Founders of the American nation would have had trouble recognizing
the America that emerged after the Civil War. By century’s end we
had rapidly evolved into the world’s greatest industrial power.
It was a nation of large new cities populated by immigrants from
all over the world. And it was a nation that was taking an
increasingly active role on the world stage, even to the point of
acquiring an empire of its own. Many Americans began to wonder
whether this modern nation had outgrown its original Constitution.
That document had been written back in the eighteenth century,
after all, and one of its main goals was limiting the size and
scope of government. But did that goal make sense in the dynamic
new America of the twentieth century? That became a central
question. The Progressive movement and its successors believed it
was time to replace the Constitution with laws permitting a larger
and more powerful government. Others firmly rejected such changes
and insisted on the permanent validity of the Constitution’s
ideal of limited government. In addition, with the two great world
wars of the twentieth century, and the Cold War that came after
them, America found itself thrust into a position of overwhelming
world leadership—something else that the Founders never imagined
or wanted. Such leadership required the development of a large and
permanent military establishment whose very existence ran up
against the nation’s founding traditions. With the end of the
Cold War, America faced a decision. Should it shed the world
responsibilities it had taken on during the twentieth century? Or
should it treat those responsibilities as a permanent obligation?
That debate, which has deep roots in American history, continues to
this day.
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