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1. Lyotropic Liquid Crystals The class of compounds known as
thermotropic liquid crystals has been widely utilized in basic
research and industry during recent years. The properties of these
materials are such that on heating from the solid to the isotropic
liquid state, phase transitions occur with the formation of one or
more intermediate anisotropic liquids. The unique and sometimes
startling properties of these liquid crystals are the properties of
pure compounds. However, there exists a second class of substances
known as lyotropic liquid crystals which obtain their anisotropic
properties from the mixing of two or more components. One of the
components is amphiphilic, containing a polar head group (generally
ionic or zwitterionic) attached to one or more long-chain
hydrocarbons; the second component is usually water. Lyotropic
liquid crystals occur abundantly in nature, particularly in all
living systems. As a consequence, a bright future seems assured for
studies on such systems. Even now, many of the properties of these
systems are poorly understood. It is the purpose of this review to
consolidate the results obtained from nuclear magnetic resonance
studies of such systems and to provide a coherent picture of the
field. Probably the most familiar example of a lyotropic liquid
crystal is soap in water. A common soap is sodium dodecylsulphate
where an ionic group (sulphate) is attached to a hydrocarbon chain
containing twelve carbons.
The first comprehensive resource on the chemistry of vanadium,
Vanadium: Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Practical
Applications has evolved from over a quarter century of research
that concentrated on delineating the aqueous coordination reactions
that characterize the vanadium(V) oxidation state. The authors
distill information on biological processes needed to understand
vanadium effects in biological systems and make this information
accessible to a wide range of readers, including chemists without
extensive biological training. Building a hierarchy of complexity,
the book provides a discussion of some basic principles of 51V NMR
spectroscopy followed by a description of the self-condensation
reactions of vanadate itself. The authors delineate reactions with
simple monodentate ligands and then proceed to more complicated
systems such as diols, a-hydroxy acids, amino acids, peptides, to
name just a few. They revisit aspects of this sequence later, but
first highlight the influence the electronic properties of ligands
have on coordination and reactivity. They then compare and contrast
the influences of ligands, particularly those of hydrogen peroxide
and hydroxylamine, on heteroligand reactivity. The book includes
coverage of vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases and model systems,
vanadium in the environment, and technological applications. It
also briefly covers the catalytic reactions of peroxovanadate and
haloperoxidase model compounds. It contains a discussion of the
vanadium haloperoxidases and the biological and biochemical
activities of vanadium(V) including potential pharmacological
applications. The last chapters step outside these boundaries by
introducing some aspects of the future of vanadium in
nanotechnology, the recyclable redox battery, and the
lithium/silver vanadium oxide battery. Primary sources documented
after each chapter minimize the need to search the literature, 80
illustrations provide structural information, reaction schemes,
spectra, speciation diagrams, and biochemical schemes, and 22
tables present detailed information with references to primary
sources. Packed with current and authoritative information, the
book covers chemistry and bioinorganic vanadium chemistry in a
broad and systematic manner that engenders comprehensive
understanding.
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