Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Biomass Processes and Chemicals is written to assist the reader in understanding the options available for the production of chemicals from biomass. Petroleum-based and natural gas-based chemicals are well-established products that have served industry and consumers for more than one hundred years. However, time is running out and natural gas and petroleum are now being depleted. Thus, the need for alternative technologies to produce chemicals is necessary. Chemicals produced from sources are now coming into place for the establishment of a chemicals-from-biomass industry, hence this book covers these advancements.

The Refinery of the Future, Second Edition, delivers useful knowledge that will help the engineer understand the processes involved, feedstocks, composition and future technologies. Covering the basic chemistry, commercial processes already in use and future innovation, this reference gives engineers and managers the tools needed to understand refining products, feedstocks, and the processes critical to convert feedstocks to desired outcomes. New information concerning tight shale formations and heavy oil process options is included for today's operations. Rounding out with future uses in shale, bioliquids and refinery configurations, this book gives engineers and refinery managers the knowledge to update and upgrade their refinery assets.

Natural Gas: A Basic Handbook, Second Edition provides the reader with a quick and accessible introduction to a fuel source/industry that is transforming the energy sector. Written at an introductory level, but still appropriate for engineers and other technical readers, this book provides an overview of natural gas as a fuel source, including its origins, properties and composition. Discussions include the production of natural gas from traditional and unconventional sources, the downstream aspects of the natural gas industry. including processing, storage, and transportation, and environmental issues and emission controls strategies. This book presents an ideal resource on the topic for engineers new to natural gas, for advisors and consultants in the natural gas industry, and for technical readers interested in learning more about this clean burning fuel source and how it is shaping the energy industry.

Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Engineering: Analysis and Prediction describes the principles that govern chemical reactivity and demonstrates how these principles are used to yield more accurate predictions. The book will help users increase accuracy in analyzing and predicting the speed of pollutant conversion in engineered systems, such as water and wastewater treatment plants, or in natural systems, such as lakes and aquifers receiving industrial pollution. Using examples from air, water and soil, the book begins with a clear exposition of the properties of environmental and inorganic organic chemicals that is followed by partitioning and sorption processes and sorption and transformation processes. Kinetic principles are used to calculate or estimate the pollutants' half-lives, while physical-chemical properties of organic pollutants are used to estimate transformation mechanisms and rates. The book emphasizes how to develop an understanding of how physico-chemical and structural properties relate to transformations of organic pollutants.

Natural gas and crude oil production from hydrocarbon rich deep shale formations is one of the most quickly expanding trends in domestic oil and gas exploration. Vast new natural gas and oil resources are being discovered every year across North America and one of those new resources comes from the development of deep shale formations, typically located many thousands of feet below the surface of the Earth in tight, low permeability formations. Deep Shale Oil and Gas provides an introduction to shale gas resources as well as offer a basic understanding of the geomechanical properties of shale, the need for hydraulic fracturing, and an indication of shale gas processing. The book also examines the issues regarding the nature of shale gas development, the potential environmental impacts, and the ability of the current regulatory structure to deal with these issues. Deep Shale Oil and Gas delivers a useful reference that today's petroleum and natural gas engineer can use to make informed decisions about meeting and managing the challenges they may face in the development of these resources.

Fouling in Refineries is an important and ongoing problem that directly affects energy efficiency resulting in increased costs, production losses, and even unit shutdown, requiring costly expenditures to clean up equipment and return capacity to positive levels. This text addresses this common challenge for the hydrocarbon processing community within each unit of the refinery. As refineries today face a greater challenge of accepting harder to process heavier crudes and the ongoing flow of the lighter shale oil feedstocks, resulting in bigger challenges to balance product stability within their process equipment, this text seeks to inform all relative refinery personnel on how to monitor fouling, characterize the deposits, and follow all available treatments. With basic modeling and chemistry of fouling and each unit covered, users will learn how to operate at maximum production rates and elongate the efficiency of their refinery's capacity.

Unconventional reservoirs of oil and gas represent a huge additional global source of fossil fuels. However, there is much still to be done to improve techniques for their processing to make recovery and refining of these particular energy sources more cost-effective. Brief but readable, "Heavy and Extra-heavy Oil Upgrading Technologies" provide readers with a strategy for future production (the up-stream) and upgrading (the down-stream). The book provides the reader with an understandable overview of the chemistry and engineering behind the latest developments and technologies in the industry as well as the various environmental regulations.

Clear and rigorous, "Heavy and Extra-heavy Oil Upgrading Technologies" will prove tool for those scientists and engineers already engaged in fossil fuel science and technology as well as scientists, non-scientists, engineers, and non-engineers who wish to gain a general overview or update of the science and technology of unconventional fossil fuels in general and upgrading technologies in particular. The use of microorganisms and a number of physical methods, such as ultrasound, median microwave, cold plasma, electrokinetic and monocrystalline intermetallics, etc., will be discussed for the first time.
Overview of the chemistry, engineering, and technology of oil sandsMicroorganisms and a number of physical methods such as ultrasound, median microwave, cold plasma, electrokinetic and monocrystalline intermetallicsEvolving and new environmental regulations regarding oil sands production processes

The extraction of natural gas from shale formations is no simple task and perhaps the
most expensive when compared to over unconventional gases. Although, its popularity
has grown over the years, there is much to be done to make their production and
processing more cost-effective. Brief butcomprehensive, "Shale Gas Production Processes
"begins with an overview of the chemistry, engineering and technology of shale gas. This
is quickly followed by self-contained chapters concerning new and evolving process
technologies and their applications as well as environmental regulations.
Written in an easy to read format, "Shale Gas Production Processes" will prove useful for
those scientists and engineers already engaged in fossil fuel science and technology as
well as scientists, non-scientists, engineers, and non-engineers who wish to gain a
general overview or update of the science and technology of shale gas. In addition, the
book discusses methods used to reduce environmental footprint and improve
well performance.
Updates on the evolving processes and new processesProvides overview of the chemistry, engineering, and technology of shale gasGuides the readerthrough the latest environmental regulation regarding production and processing of shale "

Shale Oil represents a huge additional global fossil fuel resource. However, extracting oil from the shale is no simple task; much still needs to be understood to make the process more cost-effective to increase economic flow rates. Clear and rigorous, Oil Shale Production Process will prove useful for those scientists and engineers already engaged in fossil fuel science and technology as well as scientists, non-scientists, engineers, and non-engineers who wish to gain a general overview or update of the science and technology of fossil fuels. Not only does the book discuss the production processes but also provides methods which should reduce environmental footprint by properly addressing: surface mining and extraction processes, in situ conversion process and hydrotreatment.
Covers production processes technologies such as: surface mining and retorting, in Situ Retoring and processes, direct and indirect retorting and hydrotreatment for shale oil.

Methods which should reduce environmental footprint

Easy-to-read understand overview of the chemistry, engineering, and technology of shale oil "

Written by an author with over 38 years of experience in the chemical and petrochemical process industry, this handbook will present an analysis of the process steps used to produce industrial hydrocarbons from various raw materials. It is the first book to offer a thorough analysis of external factors effecting production such as: cost, availability and environmental legislation.
An A-Z list of raw materials and their properties are presented along with a commentary regarding their cost and availability. Specific processing operations described in the book include: distillation, thermal cracking and coking, catalytic methods, hydroprocesses, thermal and catalytic reforming, isomerization, alkylation processes, polymerization processes, solvent processes, water removal, fractionation and acid gas removal.

o Flow diagrams and descriptions of more than 250 leading-edge process technologies.
o An analysis of chemical reactions and process steps that are required to produce chemicals from various raw materials
o Properties, availability and environmental impact of various raw materials used in hydrocarbon processing

Asphalt is a complex but popular civil engineering material. Design engineers must understand these complexities in order to optimize its use. Whether or not it is used to pave a busy highway, waterproof a rooftop or smooth out an airport runway, Asphalt Materials Science and Technology acquaints engineers with the issues and technologies surrounding the proper selection and uses of asphalts. With this book in hand, researchers and engineering will find a valuable guide to the production, use and environmental aspect of asphalt.

A comprehensive resource to the origin, properties, and analysis of natural gas and its constituents Handbook of Natural Gas Analysis is a comprehensive guide that includes information on the origin and analysis of natural gas, the standard test methods, and procedures that help with the predictability of gas composition and behavior during gas cleaning operations and use. The author--a noted expert on the topic--also explores the properties and behavior of the various components of natural gas and gas condensate. All chapters are written as stand-alone chapters and they cover a wealth of topics including history and uses; origin and production; composition and properties; recovery, storage, and transportation; properties and analysis of gas stream and gas condensate. The text is designed to help with the identification of quality criteria appropriate analysis and testing that fall under the umbrella of ASTM International. ASTM is an organization that is recognized globally across borders, disciplines and industries and works to improve performance in manufacturing and materials and products. This important guide: Contains detailed information on natural gas and its constituents Offers an analysis of methane, gas hydrates, ethane, propane, butane, and gas condensate Includes information on the behavior of natural gas to aid in the planning for recovery, storage, transportation, and use Covers the test methods that are applicable to natural gas and its constituents Written in accessible and easy-to-understand terms Written for scientists, engineers, analytical chemists who work with natural gas as well as other scientists and engineers in the industry, Handbook of Natural Gas Analysis offers a guide to the analysis, standard test methods, and procedures that aid in the predictability of gas composition and behavior during gas cleaning operations and use.