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In today's world, we can point to many international disputes and
interstate conflicts fueled by past events. Historical resentments
or memories of past suffering or fame are often used to justify
political, economic and even territorial demands. Inter-state
disputes and historical conflicts should be understood as evidence
of political and social tensions related to active, serious
differences in the assessment of the common past. The book explains
the role of such conflicts in international relations and suggests
ways of classifying them. It presents examples of the
internationally relevant instrumentalisation of history from
different regions of the world and outlines ways of overcoming
them.
As editor of the two-part Volume V on photosynthesis in RUHLAND'S
Encyclopedia, the forerunner of this series published in 1960, I
have been approached by the editors of the present volume to
provide a short preface. The justification for following this
suggestion lies in the great changes which have been taking place
in biology in the two decades between these publications, changes
which are reflected in the new editorial plan. Twenty years ago it
appeared convenient and formally easy to consider photo synthesis
as a clearly separated field of research, which could be dealt with
under two major headings: one presenting primarily photochemical
and biochemical prin ciples, the other physiological and
environmental studies. Such a partition, however, as far as aims
and opinions of the authors were concerned, resulted in a rather
heterogeneous volume. Today, the tendency in experimental biology
is towards a merger of previously distinct disciplines. Biochemists
and biophysicists have developed their methods to such an extent
that, over and above the analysis of individual reaction sequences,
work on the manifold interrelationships among cellular activities
has become in creasingly possible. Joining them in growing numbers
are the physiologists and ecologists with their wealth of
information on activity changes in vivo and on the variability and
efficiency of the organisms concerned. Furthermore, biochemists,
biophysicists and physiologists also now share a lively interest in
ultrastructure research, the results and implications of which,
through continually improving methodology, have generated important
stimuli for the work in the field of cell function."
Nitrogen and sulfur compounds are continuously synthetized,
degraded and converted into other forms in nature. There are many
similarities in the principle problems and basic mechanisms of the
biology of inorganic nitrogen and sulfur. Many details are not yet
understood and hence are the subject of active investigation the
world over. In May, 1980, a conference was held in Bochum, Federal
Republic of Germany, at which attempts were made to discuss and
compare all aspects of both the nitrogen and the sulfur cycle.
Lectures were given by internationally recognized experts on the
physiology, biochemistry, genetics, and ecology of dinitrogen
fIXation, of assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate and sulfate
reduction, and of ammonia and sulfide oxidation. In addition,
important data were communicated by German scientists of the
national program on the Metabolism of Inorganic Nitrogen and Sulfur
Compounds, supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. This
book contains all the contributions to the meeting and consequently
should be of interest to researchers, teachers, and students in the
field. The members of the German national program on the Metabolism
of Inorganic Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds would like to thank the
Deutsche F orschungsgemeinschaft for their generous fmancial
support of the scientific projects during the past four years and
for the conference itself. Without this help, the present book
would not have been written. The members express their appreciation
particularly to Dr. A. Hoffmann of the Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft for her invaluable skill and patience in
taking care of the projects and scientists.
Nation states and minorities resort more and more to violence when
safeguarding their political interests. Although the violence in
the Middle East has been dominating world politics for some time
now, European governments have had their share of ethnic violence
to contend with as this volume demonstrates. And as the case
studies show, ranging as they do from the Basque Country to
Chechnya, from Northern Ireland to Bosnia-Herzegovina, this applies
to western Europe as much as to eastern Europe. However, in
contrast to other parts of the world, instances where political
struggles for power and social inclusion between minorities and
majorities lead to full-fledged inter-ethnic warfare are still the
exception; in the majority of cases conflicts are successfully
de-escalated and even resolved. In a comprehensive conclusion, the
volume offers a theoretical framework for the development of
strategies to deal with violent ethnic conflict.
This book centers on the Report of the International Commission to
Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars, published
in Washington in the early summer of 1914 by the Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace. The volume was born from the conviction
that the full assessment of the significance of the Carnegie
Report-one of the first international non-governmental fact-finding
missions with the intention to promote peace-requires a deeper
exploration of the context of its birth. The authors examine how
the countries involved in the wars handled the inquires of the
Carnegie Commission and the role of the report in the remembrance
of the wars in the respective states. Although the report
considered both the Ottoman Empire and the Balkan nation-states
insufficiently civilized to wage wars within the limits of the
codes of conduct of international law, this orientalist conclusion
can in part be explained by the liberal internationalist strategy
of the Carnegie Endowment, and of the commission members'
professional, political, and ethnic background. Overshadowed by the
outbreak of World War I, the Carnegie Report's direct impact on
international arbitration or international criminal law was
limited, yet-in the authors' opinion-it ultimately contributed to
the further juridification of international relations
Nation states and minorities resort more and more to violence when
safeguarding their political interests. Although the violence in
the Middle East has been dominating world politics for some time
now, European governments have had their share of ethnic violence
to contend with as this volume demonstrates. And as the case
studies show, ranging as they do from the Basque Country to
Chechnya, from Northern Ireland to Bosnia-Herzegovina, this applies
to western Europe as much as to eastern Europe. However, in
contrast to other parts of the world, instances where political
struggles for power and social inclusion between minorities and
majorities lead to full-fledged inter-ethnic warfare are still the
exception; in the majority of cases conflicts are successfully
de-escalated and even resolved. In a comprehensive conclusion, the
volume offers a theoretical framework for the development of
strategies to deal with violent ethnic conflict.
Remembering Communism examines the formation and transformation of
the memory of communism in the post-communist period. The majority
of the articles focus on memory practices in the post-Stalinist era
in Bulgaria and Romania, with occasional references to the cases of
Poland and the GDR. Based on an interdisciplinary approach,
including history, anthropology, cultural studies and sociology,
the volume examines the mechanisms and processes that influence,
determine and mint the private and public memory of communism in
the post-1989 era. The common denominator to all essays is the
emphasis on the process of remembering in the present, and the
modalities by means of which the present perspective shapes
processes of remembering, including practices of commemoration and
representation of the past. The volume deals with eight major
thematic blocks revisiting specific practices in communism such as
popular culture and everyday life, childhood, labor, the secret
police, and the perception of "the system".
Die Autorin untersucht Erinnerungsprozesse im Vorfeld der
Konflikteskalation im Prigorodnyj Rajon (Nordossetien). Geschichte
und Erinnerung sind in den meisten Gesellschaften umkampft: sie
werden zu Konfliktgegenstanden und sie dienen Konfliktakteuren als
Argumente fur ihre jeweiligen Positionen. Das Buch verbindet
Konzepte der Erinnerungsforschung mit Ansatzen der Friedens- und
Konfliktforschung. Eine Diskursanalyse von rund 600
Zeitungsartikeln verdeutlicht, wo und wie Vergangenheitsbezuge im
Mobilisierungsprozess zum Tragen kamen. Narrative Interviews machen
die Perspektive der im Konflikt mobilisierten Bevoelkerung
sichtbar. Dabei zeigt sich, dass familiale Erinnerung bei
gleichzeitiger Verschrankung von Information und Emotion die
Wahrnehmung oeffentlich vermittelter Erinnerungen entscheidend
beeinflusst.
Frankfurt/M., Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien. This
volume relates to a comparative research of historical developments
and structures in North Central Europe, which is directed to the
exploration of an early medieval design of this historical region
beyond the Roman Empire's culture frontier. One point of the
editorial concern thus was building bridges to overcome long
existing dividing lines built up by divergent perspectives of
previous scientific traditions. In addition, the recent come back
of national histories and historiographies call for a scrutiny on
the suitability of postulated ethnicities for the postsocialist
nation building process. As a result, the collected papers -
presented partly in English, partly in German - have a critical
look into various influences, responsible for the realization of
images of the past as of scientific strategies. Contents: Jerzy
Gassowski: Is Ethnicity Tangible? - Sebastian Brather: Die
Projektion des Nationalstaats in die Fruhgeschichte. Ethnische
Interpretationen in der Archaologie - Przemyslaw Urbanczyk: Do We
Need Archaeology of Ethnicity? - Klavs Randsborg: The Making of
Early Scandinavian History. Material Impressions - George
Indruszewski: Early Medieval Ships as Ethnic Symbols and the
Construction of a Historical Paradigm in Northern and Central
Europe - Volker Schmidt: Die Prillwitzer Idole. Rethra und die
Anfange der Forschung im Land Stargard - Babette Ludowici:
Magdeburg als Hauptort des ottonischen Imperiums. Bemerkungen zum
Beitrag von Archaologie und Kunstgeschichte zur Konstruktion eines
Geschichtsbildes - Arne Schmid-Hecklau: Deutsche Forschungen zur
'Reichsburg' Meien. Ein Uberblick - Stine Wiell:
Derdanisch-deutsche Streit um die groen Moorwaffenfunde aus der
Eisenzeit. Ansichten zur Vor und Fruhgeschichte aus dem 19. und 20.
Jahrhundert - Christian Lubke: Barbaren, Leibeigene, Kolonisten:
Zum Bild der mittelalterlichen Slaven in der deutschen
Geschichtswissenschaft - Matthias Hardt: 'Schmutz und trages
Hinbruten bei allen'? Beispiele fur den Blick der alteren deutschen
Forschung auf slawische landlich-agrarische Siedlungen des
Mittelalters - Elaine Smollin: The Aesthetics and Ethics of
Archaeology: Lithuania 1900-1918: The Intersection of Baltic,
German and Slavic Cultures - Derek Fewster: Visionen nationaler
Groe. Mittelalterperzeption, Ethnizitat und Nationalismus in
Finnland, 1905-1945 - Leszek Pawel Slupecki: Why Polish
Historiography has Neglected the Role of Pagan Slavic Mythology -
Dittmar Schorkowitz: Rekonstruktionen des Nationalen im
postsowjetischen Raum. Beobachtungen zur Permanenz des
Historischen.
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