This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book explores the social history of the anti-vivisection movement in Britain from its nineteenth-century beginnings until the 1960s. It discusses the ethical principles that inspired the movement and the socio-political background that explains its rise and fall. Opposition to vivisection began when medical practitioners complained it was contrary to the compassionate ethos of their profession. Christian anti-cruelty organizations took up the cause out of concern that callousness among the professional classes would have a demoralizing effect on the rest of society. As the nineteenth century drew to a close, the influence of transcendentalism, Eastern religions and the spiritual revival led new age social reformers to champion a more holistic approach to science, and dismiss reliance on vivisection as a materialistic oversimplification. In response, scientists claimed it was necessary to remain objective and unemotional in order to perform the experiments necessary for medical progress.

Animal law is a growing discipline, as is animal ethics. In this wide-ranging book, scholars from around the world address the intersections between the two. Specifically, this collection focuses on pressing moral issues and how law can protect animals from cruelty and abuse. A project of the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics, the book is edited by the Oxford Centre's directors, Andrew Linzey and Clair Linzey, and features contributions from many of its fellows. Divided into three sections, the work explores historical perspectives and ethical-legal issues such as "personhood" and "property" before focusing on five practical case studies. The volume introduces readers to the interweaving between these subjects and should act as a spur to further interdisciplinary work.

This Is A New Release Of The Original 1920 Edition.

Simultaneous Retinoscopy And Evidence For The Accepted Theory Of Accommodation. The Present Work Has Been Made Present To Those Intelligible Persons Unfamiliar With Ophthalmology.

Simultaneous Retinoscopy And Evidence For The Accepted Theory Of Accommodation. The Present Work Has Been Made Present To Those Intelligible Persons Unfamiliar With Ophthalmology.