This book is the first study of late Hanafism in the early modern Ottoman Empire. It examines Ottoman imperial authority in authoritative Hanafi legal works from the Ottoman world of the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries CE, casting new light on the understudied late Hanafi jurists (al-muta'akhkhirun). By taking the madhhab and its juristic discourse as the central focus and introducing "late Hanafism" as a framework of analysis, this study demonstrates that late Hanafi jurists assigned probative value and authority to the orders and edicts of the Ottoman sultan. This authority is reflected in the sultan's ability to settle juristic disputes, to order specific opinions to be adopted in legal opinions (fatawa), and to establish his orders as authoritative and final reference points. The incorporation of sultanic orders into authoritative Hanafi legal commentaries, treatises, and fatwa collections was made possible by a shift in Hanafi legal commitments that embraced sultanic authority as an indispensable element of the lawmaking process.

This handbook provides a short, contemporary text on the management of dentofacial deformities. The importance of a well organised, inter-disciplinary approach is emphasised throughout and the following key areas are presented: * A detailed account of the role of the psychologist, from initial assessment through to post-operative support. * A systematic approach to dentofacial assessment, including a section on diagnostic records and an overview of cephalometry. * A logical step-by-step approach to treatment planning, emphasising the interactive thought process required when setting orthodontic and surgical objectives. * The fundamentals of surgical orthodontics, with the scope and limitations of orthodontic appliances clearly explained for each phase of treatment. * A description of orthognathic technical procedures and how potential errors can be minimised in order to improve the accuracy of model surgery. * An account of how to carry out photo-cephalometric profile prediction planning, including a critique of the method. * A detailed description of the full range of mandibular and maxillary orthognathic surgical procedures, including indications and complications. * A chapter on higher-level osteotomies for the treatment of more severe craniofacial abnormalities is included for completeness. * A series of six contrasting case studies. There is an emphasis on the technological advances that are rapidly enabling the global paradigm shift from 2D to 3D planning.