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TheideafortheselectureseriesaroseataWorkshoponsolarphysicswhichwas
heldattheInterUniversityCentreforAstronomyandAstrophysics(IUCAA),
Pune/IndiainDecember2000. ThisWorkshopaimedtopresentacompreh-
siveandup-to-dateoverviewofsolarphysicsforinterestedstudentsandfaculty
inotherbranchesofastrophysics. Itwasintendedtoshowthatthis?eld,c-
centratingonourcloseststar,isavitalandexciting?eldofresearch.
Forthis
purposeanumberofcomprehensivereviewswereorganisedwhichassumedthat
theaudiencewouldhaveonlyabasicphysicsbackgroundbuthadnoprior
knowledgeaboutsolarphysics.
Thesetoflecturescoveredtopicsrangingfrom
thesolarcoretotheconvectionzone,thephotosphere,chromosphere,andcorona
andextendingtothesolarwindintheinterplanetarymedium
DuringandaftertheWorkshoptherewasmuchenthusiasmforthisform
ofpresentationanditwasfeltthattheselectures,augmentedbyincludingthe
latestresearch?ndingsinthe?eld,wouldbebene?cialtoamuchlargeraudience.
Thustheplanforthisbookoriginatedwhichcouldthenberealisedthanksto
thepublishers,Springer-Verlag.
Thereare9articlesbasedonthelecturesgivenattheWorkshop. Thearticle
byChitreon"OverviewofSolarPhysics"givesanintroductiontothewhole
varietyofphenomenaofsolarphysics,theproblemsandtheirsolutionsand
salientresults.
Thearticleon"InstrumentationandObservationaltechniques
relatedtoSolarPhysics"byBhatnagardescribesindetailtheprinciplesof-
larinstrumentationnormallyusedtotakesimplewhitelight,monochromatic
andspectroscopicobservations.
Practicalmethodstomeasureimportantbasic
parameters,likearea,positionandtheclassi?cationofsunspotsaredescribed
indetail.
Antia'sarticleon"SolarInteriorandSeismology"describesthesolar
interior,thetechniqueofhelioseismologyandhowthisnewtechniqueallowsa
determinationoftheinternalstructureanddynamicsoftheSunandconstrains
theoriesofstellarstructure,evolutionandangularmomentumtransport. -
bastha'sarticleon"TheActiveandExplosiveSun"givesanoverviewofhighly
time-dependentphenomenainthephotosphere,chromosphereandcoronaofthe
Sunandprovidessometheoreticalmodelsofthesolar?ares. Hasan'sarticle
on"MagneticFluxTubesandActivityontheSun"discussesthegeneration,
storageandemergenceofmagnetic?eldsintheformofsmall-scale?uxtubes
andexaminestheirroleinheatingofthechromosphere. Ventakrishan'sar-
cleon"SolarMagneticFields"givesatheoreticaloverviewofthegeneration
VI Preface
ofmagnetic?eldsbythedynamomechanism,thegeneralmagnetic?eldtop-
ogyandhowthemagnetic?eldsaremeasured. Ulmschneider'scontributionon
"ThePhysicsofChromospheresandCoronae"discusseswhyallstarslikethe
Sunhavehotouterchromosphericandcoronallayers. Itidenti?estheheating
mechanismsanddynamicalprocesseswhichtakeplacebothinthepresenceand
absenceofmagnetic?elds. ThearticlebyDwivedion"TheSolarCorona"gives
ageneraloverviewofthesolarcorona,howitisobservedandwhatthephy-
calprocessesleadingtoitsformationare.
FinallyManoharan'scontributionon
"TheSolarWind"describesthegenerationandmeasurementofthesolarwind
derivedfrominsituobservationsbyspacecraftandinterplanetaryscintillation
studies.
Wehopethatbyreadingtheselectures,interestedpeople,amateurs,graduate
andpostgraduatestudentswillbemotivatedtotakeupsolarphysicsasanarea
ofresearch,andshareourexcitementaboutthewondersofourneareststar-
theSun. WearethankfultoT. PadmanabhanandtheInterUniversityCentrefor
AstronomyandAstrophysics,PunefororganisingandhostingthisWorkshop
onSolarPhysics. Mumbai,Udaipur,Heidelberg H. M. Antia February2003
A. Bhatnagar P. Ulmschneider ListofContributors AshokAmbastha S. S.
Hasan Udaipur Solar Observatory Indian Institute of Astrophysics
Physical Research Laboratory Bangalore560034,India P. O. Box No.
198 hasan@iiap. ernet. in Udaipur313001,India ambastha@prl. ernet.
in P. K. Manoharan Radio Astronomy Centre H. M. Antia Tata
Institute Tata Institute of Fundamental Research of Fundamental
Research P. O. Box 8 Homi Bhabha Road Udhagamandalam (Ooty) 643001,
Mumbai400005,India India antia@tifr. res. in mano@racooty. ernet.
in ArvindBhatnagar Udaipur Solar Observatory P. Ulmschneider
Physical Research Laboratory Institut fur
TheideafortheselectureseriesaroseataWorkshoponsolarphysicswhichwas
heldattheInterUniversityCentreforAstronomyandAstrophysics(IUCAA),
Pune/IndiainDecember2000. ThisWorkshopaimedtopresentacompreh-
siveandup-to-dateoverviewofsolarphysicsforinterestedstudentsandfaculty
inotherbranchesofastrophysics. Itwasintendedtoshowthatthis?eld,c-
centratingonourcloseststar,isavitalandexciting?eldofresearch.
Forthis
purposeanumberofcomprehensivereviewswereorganisedwhichassumedthat
theaudiencewouldhaveonlyabasicphysicsbackgroundbuthadnoprior
knowledgeaboutsolarphysics.
Thesetoflecturescoveredtopicsrangingfrom
thesolarcoretotheconvectionzone,thephotosphere,chromosphere,andcorona
andextendingtothesolarwindintheinterplanetarymedium
DuringandaftertheWorkshoptherewasmuchenthusiasmforthisform
ofpresentationanditwasfeltthattheselectures,augmentedbyincludingthe
latestresearch?ndingsinthe?eld,wouldbebene?cialtoamuchlargeraudience.
Thustheplanforthisbookoriginatedwhichcouldthenberealisedthanksto
thepublishers,Springer-Verlag.
Thereare9articlesbasedonthelecturesgivenattheWorkshop. Thearticle
byChitreon"OverviewofSolarPhysics"givesanintroductiontothewhole
varietyofphenomenaofsolarphysics,theproblemsandtheirsolutionsand
salientresults.
Thearticleon"InstrumentationandObservationaltechniques
relatedtoSolarPhysics"byBhatnagardescribesindetailtheprinciplesof-
larinstrumentationnormallyusedtotakesimplewhitelight,monochromatic
andspectroscopicobservations.
Practicalmethodstomeasureimportantbasic
parameters,likearea,positionandtheclassi?cationofsunspotsaredescribed
indetail.
Antia'sarticleon"SolarInteriorandSeismology"describesthesolar
interior,thetechniqueofhelioseismologyandhowthisnewtechniqueallowsa
determinationoftheinternalstructureanddynamicsoftheSunandconstrains
theoriesofstellarstructure,evolutionandangularmomentumtransport. -
bastha'sarticleon"TheActiveandExplosiveSun"givesanoverviewofhighly
time-dependentphenomenainthephotosphere,chromosphereandcoronaofthe
Sunandprovidessometheoreticalmodelsofthesolar?ares. Hasan'sarticle
on"MagneticFluxTubesandActivityontheSun"discussesthegeneration,
storageandemergenceofmagnetic?eldsintheformofsmall-scale?uxtubes
andexaminestheirroleinheatingofthechromosphere. Ventakrishan'sar-
cleon"SolarMagneticFields"givesatheoreticaloverviewofthegeneration
VI Preface
ofmagnetic?eldsbythedynamomechanism,thegeneralmagnetic?eldtop-
ogyandhowthemagnetic?eldsaremeasured. Ulmschneider'scontributionon
"ThePhysicsofChromospheresandCoronae"discusseswhyallstarslikethe
Sunhavehotouterchromosphericandcoronallayers. Itidenti?estheheating
mechanismsanddynamicalprocesseswhichtakeplacebothinthepresenceand
absenceofmagnetic?elds. ThearticlebyDwivedion"TheSolarCorona"gives
ageneraloverviewofthesolarcorona,howitisobservedandwhatthephy-
calprocessesleadingtoitsformationare.
FinallyManoharan'scontributionon
"TheSolarWind"describesthegenerationandmeasurementofthesolarwind
derivedfrominsituobservationsbyspacecraftandinterplanetaryscintillation
studies.
Wehopethatbyreadingtheselectures,interestedpeople,amateurs,graduate
andpostgraduatestudentswillbemotivatedtotakeupsolarphysicsasanarea
ofresearch,andshareourexcitementaboutthewondersofourneareststar-
theSun. WearethankfultoT. PadmanabhanandtheInterUniversityCentrefor
AstronomyandAstrophysics,PunefororganisingandhostingthisWorkshop
onSolarPhysics. Mumbai,Udaipur,Heidelberg H. M. Antia February2003
A. Bhatnagar P. Ulmschneider ListofContributors AshokAmbastha S. S.
Hasan Udaipur Solar Observatory Indian Institute of Astrophysics
Physical Research Laboratory Bangalore560034,India P. O. Box No.
198 hasan@iiap. ernet. in Udaipur313001,India ambastha@prl. ernet.
in P. K. Manoharan Radio Astronomy Centre H. M. Antia Tata
Institute Tata Institute of Fundamental Research of Fundamental
Research P. O. Box 8 Homi Bhabha Road Udhagamandalam (Ooty) 643001,
Mumbai400005,India India antia@tifr. res. in mano@racooty. ernet.
in ArvindBhatnagar Udaipur Solar Observatory P. Ulmschneider
Physical Research Laboratory Institut fur .. Theoretische
Astrophysik P. O. Box No. 198 Univ. Heidelberg Udaipur313001,India
Tiergartenstr. 15 arvind@prl. ernet. in 69121Heidelberg,Germany
ulm@ita. uni-heidelberg. de S. M. Chitre Department of Physics
University of Mumbai P. Venkatakrishnan Mumbai400098,India Udaipur
Solar Observatory kumarchitre@hotmail. com Physical Research
Laboratory P. O. Box No. 198 BholaN. Dwivedi Udaipur313001,India
Department of Applied Physics pvk@prl. ernet. in Institute of
Technology Banaras Hindu University Varanasi221005,India
dwivedi@banaras. ernet. in TableofContents OverviewofSolarPhysics
S. M. Chitre...1 1 Introduction...1 2
CompositionandStructureoftheSun...3 2. 1
EquationsofStellarStructure...4 2. 2 TheStandardSolarModel...7 3
ProbesoftheSun'sInterior...10 3. 1 SolarNeutrinoProblem...
This volume has grown out of lectures addressing primarily graduate students and researchers working in related areas in both astrophysics and space sciences. All contributions are self-contained and do not require prior in-depth knowledge of solar physics. The result is a unique textbook that fulfills the needs of those wishing to have a pedagogic exposition of solar physics bringing them up-to-date in a field full of vitality and with exciting research.
Lightweight Ballistic Composites: Military and Law-Enforcement
Applications, Second Edition, is a fully revised and updated
version of this informative book that explores the many changes in
composite materials technology that have occurred since the book's
first release in 2008, especially the type of commercial products
used by armed forces around the world. Some changes can be
attributed to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, whereas others are
due to massive investment by private companies to neutralize the
ever-increasing global threats and fulfill the military's appetite
for lighter materials. Soldiers are now better protected against
new ballistic threats and the overall weight of body protection has
been reduced, while comfort has increased. New military vehicles
are no longer purely armored with steel, and are instead lined with
lightweight ballistic materials that increase the distance military
vehicles can travel without refueling and also improve
maneuverability. The book considers all aspects of lightweight
ballistic composites from fiber manufacturing to commercial
products and testing. Chapters also cover the many uses of
lightweight ballistic composites in the military and
law-enforcement industries. It will be an invaluable reference for
ballistic composite design engineers, product development
engineers, and all those involved in promoting new products for
both defense and the law-enforcement industry.
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